% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Wang:889780,
      author       = {Wang, Yu and Chen, Ying and Wu, Zhijun and Shang, Dongjie
                      and Bian, Yuxuan and Du, Zhuofei and Schmitt, Sebastian H.
                      and Su, Rong and Gkatzelis, Georgios and Schlag, Patrick and
                      Hohaus, Thorsten and Voliotis, Aristeidis and Lu, Keding and
                      Zeng, Limin and Zhao, Chunsheng and Alfarra, Rami and
                      McFiggans, Gordon and Wiedensohler, Alfred and
                      Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid and Zhang, Yuanhang and Hu, Min},
      title        = {{M}utual promotion effect between aerosol particle liquid
                      water and nitrate formation lead to severe nitrate-dominated
                      particulate matter pollution and low visibility},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics / Discussions},
      volume       = {716},
      issn         = {1680-7367},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-00393},
      pages        = {},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Abstract. As has been the case in North America and Western
                      Europe, the SO2 emissions substantially reduced in North
                      China Plain (NCP) in recent years. A dichotomy of reductions
                      in SO2 and NOx concentrations result in the frequent
                      occurrences of nitrate (pNO3−)-dominated particulate
                      matter pollution over NCP. In this study, we observed a
                      polluted episode with the nitrate mass fraction in
                      non-refractory PM1 (NR-PM1) up to 44 $\%$ during wintertime
                      in Beijing. Based on this typical pNO3−-dominated haze
                      event, the linkage between aerosol water uptake and pNO3−
                      formation, further impacting on visibility degradation, have
                      been investigated based on field observations and
                      theoretical calculations. During haze development, as
                      ambient relative humidity (RH) increased from ~ 10 $\%$ up
                      to 70 $\%,$ the aerosol particle liquid water increased from
                      ~ 1 μg/m3 at the beginning to ~ 75 μg/m3 at the
                      fully-developed haze period. Without considering the water
                      uptake, the particle surface area and the volume
                      concentrations increased by a factor of 4.1 and 4.8,
                      respectively, during the development of haze event. Taking
                      water uptake into account, the wet particle surface area and
                      volume concentrations enhanced by a factor of 4.7 and 5.8,
                      respectively. As a consequence, the hygroscopic growth of
                      particles facilitated the condensational loss of dinitrogen
                      pentoxide (N2O5) and nitric acid (HNO3) to particles
                      contributing pNO3−. From the beginning to the
                      fully-developed haze, the condensational loss of N2O5
                      increased by a factor of 20 when only considering aerosol
                      surface area and volume of dry particles, while increasing
                      by a factor of 25 considering extra surface area and volume
                      due to water uptake. Similarly, the condensational loss of
                      HNO3 increased by a factor of 2.7~2.9 and 3.1~3.5 for dry
                      and wet aerosol surface area and volume from the beginning
                      to the fully-developed haze period. Above results
                      demonstrated that the pNO3− formation is further enhanced
                      by aerosol water uptake with elevated ambient RH during haze
                      development, in turn, facilitating the aerosol taking up
                      water due to the hygroscopicity of nitrate salt. Such mutual
                      promotion effect between aerosol particle liquid water and
                      nitrate formation can rapidly degrade air quality and halve
                      visibility within one day. Reduction of nitrogen-containing
                      gaseous precursors, e.g., by control of traffic emissions,
                      is essential in mitigating severe haze events in NCP.},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {243 - Tropospheric trace substances and their
                      transformation processes (POF3-243)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-243},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-2019-716},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/889780},
}