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@ARTICLE{Habash:889944,
      author       = {Habash, Samer S. and Brass, Hannah and Klein, Andreas and
                      Klebl, David P. and Weber, Tim Moritz and Classen, Thomas
                      and Pietruszka, Jörg and Grundler, Florian M. W. and
                      Schleker, A. Sylvia S.},
      title        = {{N}ovel {P}rodiginine {D}erivatives {D}emonstrate
                      {B}ioactivities on {P}lants, {N}ematodes, and {F}ungi},
      journal      = {Frontiers in Functional Plant Ecology},
      volume       = {11},
      issn         = {1664-462X},
      address      = {Lausanne},
      publisher    = {Frontiers Media88991},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-00550},
      pages        = {579807},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Bacterial metabolites represent an invaluable source of
                      bioactive molecules which can be used as such or serve as
                      chemical frameworks for developing new antimicrobial
                      compounds for various applications including crop protection
                      against pathogens. Prodiginines are tripyrrolic, red-colored
                      compounds produced by many bacterial species. Recently, due
                      to the use of chemical-, bio-, or mutasynthesis, a novel
                      group of prodiginines was generated. In our study, we
                      perform different assays to evaluate the effects of
                      prodigiosin and five derivatives on nematodes and plant
                      pathogenic fungi as well as on plant development. Our
                      results showed that prodigiosin and the derivatives were
                      active against the bacterial feeding nematode Caenorhabditis
                      elegans in a concentration- and derivative-dependent manner
                      while a direct effect on infective juveniles of the plant
                      parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii was observed for
                      prodigiosin only. All compounds were found to be active
                      against the plant pathogenic fungi Phoma lingam and
                      Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Efficacy varied depending on
                      compound concentration and chemical structure. We observed
                      that prodigiosin (1), the 12 ring- 9, and hexenol 10
                      derivatives are neutral or even positive for growth of
                      Arabidopsis thaliana depending on the applied compound
                      concentration, whereas other derivatives appear to be
                      suppressive. Our infection assays revealed that the total
                      number of developed H. schachtii individuals on A. thaliana
                      was decreased to $50\%$ in the presence of compounds 1 or 9.
                      Furthermore, female nematodes and their associated syncytia
                      were smaller in size. Prodiginines seem to indirectly
                      inhibit H. schachtii parasitism of the plant. Further
                      research is needed to elucidate their mode of action. Our
                      results indicate that prodiginines are promising metabolites
                      that have the potential to be developed into novel
                      antinematodal and antifungal agents.},
      cin          = {IBOC / IBG-1},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBOC-20090406 / I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-1-20101118},
      pnm          = {583 - Innovative Synergisms (POF3-583)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-583},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {33178246},
      UT           = {WOS:000584806100001},
      doi          = {10.3389/fpls.2020.579807},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/889944},
}