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@ARTICLE{Qiu:890066,
      author       = {Qiu, Kaifu and Bittkau, Karsten and Lambertz, Andreas and
                      Duan, Weiyuan and Liang, Zongcun and Shen, Hui and Rau, Uwe
                      and Ding, Kaining},
      title        = {{T}he {I}mpact of {R}eflectance {V}ariation in {S}ilicon
                      {H}eterojunction {S}olar {C}ells and {M}odules on the
                      {P}erception of {C}olor {D}ifferences},
      journal      = {IEEE journal of photovoltaics},
      volume       = {11},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {2156-3403},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {IEEE},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-00656},
      pages        = {306 - 311},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {The color produced by visible light that reflects from the
                      photovoltaic modules can influence visual aesthetics for
                      colored photovoltaic applications, such as the building
                      integrated photo-voltaic and the vehicles integrated
                      photovoltaic. How two colors lying close together can be
                      perceived by the human eye is important for aesthetic
                      design. In this article, we investigate the reflectance
                      spectra variation caused by the variation of indium tin
                      oxide thickness and incidence angle of sunlight based on the
                      well-known silicon heterojunction solar cells and modules.
                      By converting the reflectance spectra into the Delta E 2000
                      value, we quantify whether differences in color can be
                      perceived. The colors are also predicted based on the
                      standard red, green, and blue color space. The results show
                      that the reflectance variation because of an ITO thickness
                      deviation of 5 nm in SHJ solar cells leads to a perceptible
                      color difference, which can be suppressed after
                      encapsulation but is still perceptible on close observation.
                      The ITO thickness deviation should be controlled within 3 nm
                      to produce a nearly imperceptible visual appearance. The
                      color difference of SHJ modules with an ITO thickness of 70
                      nm is nearly imperceptible if the incidence angle is below
                      70°. For comparison, the color differences of the
                      passivated emitter and rear contact solar cells using SiNx
                      as an antireflection layer is also investigated},
      cin          = {IEK-5},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-5-20101013},
      pnm          = {1213 - Cell Design and Development (POF4-121) / 1214 -
                      Modules, stability, performance and specific applications
                      (POF4-121)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1213 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1214},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000621413300008},
      doi          = {10.1109/JPHOTOV.2020.3048240},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/890066},
}