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@ARTICLE{Selyshchev:890125,
      author       = {Selyshchev, Oleksandr and Havryliuk, Yevhenii and Valakh,
                      Mykhailo Ya. and Yukhymchuk, Volodymyr O. and Raievska,
                      Oleksandra and Stroyuk, Oleksandr L. and Dzhagan, Volodymyr
                      and Zahn, Dietrich R. T.},
      title        = {{R}aman and {X}-ray {P}hotoemission {I}dentification of
                      {C}olloidal {M}etal {S}ulfides as {P}otential {S}econdary
                      {P}hases in {N}anocrystalline {C}u 2 {Z}n{S}n{S} 4
                      {P}hotovoltaic {A}bsorbers},
      journal      = {ACS applied nano materials},
      volume       = {3},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {2574-0970},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {ACS Publications},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-00714},
      pages        = {5706 - 5717},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {The aim of this study is to establish reliable
                      spectroscopic fingerprints of compounds that may form as
                      secondary phases in Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanocrystals (NCs)
                      synthesized by “green” colloidal chemistry directly in
                      aqueous solutions or during post-processing of NC films for
                      photovoltaic application. For this purpose, we investigated
                      a series of binary and ternary compound NCs synthesized
                      under the same conditions as the quaternary CZTS NCs. The
                      capabilities of combined Raman and X-ray photoemission (XPS)
                      spectroscopies are used to identify these compounds formed
                      separately and define spectral fingerprints for
                      distinguishing them as possible secondary phases in the
                      spectra of CZTS NCs. Besides the conventional analysis of
                      element ratios and chemical shifts of the core-level peaks
                      in the XPS spectra, the careful analysis of Auger lines and
                      modified Auger parameters are applied to distinguish
                      otherwise similar spectral contributions of different
                      compounds. In the case of CuxS NCs the binding energy
                      separation between the Cu2p3/2 and S2p3/2 core-levels is
                      used as the additional fingerprint. As a criterion of a
                      certain crystal structure in Raman spectroscopy, we rely not
                      only on frequency positions of particular phonon modes but
                      also on selective probing of different compounds at
                      different (resonant) excitation wavelengths. The reasons of
                      controversial previous reports on Raman spectra of CuxS are
                      revealed and characteristic Raman spectra of Sn-poor Cu-Sn-S
                      and Sn-poor Zn-Sn-S are proposed. For Cu-Zn-S, a mixture of
                      CuxS and ZnS is formed under the given mild conditions
                      rather than ternary compounds or alloys.},
      cin          = {IEK-11},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-11-20140314},
      pnm          = {113 - Methods and Concepts for Material Development
                      (POF3-113) / 530 - Science and Technology of Nanosystems
                      (POF3-500)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-113 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-530},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000545689000079},
      doi          = {10.1021/acsanm.0c00910},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/890125},
}