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@ARTICLE{Schneider:890266,
      author       = {Schneider, Johannes and Weigel, Ralf and Klimach, Thomas
                      and Dragoneas, Antonis and Appel, Oliver and Hünig, Andreas
                      and Molleker, Sergej and Köllner, Franziska and Clemen,
                      Hans-Christian and Eppers, Oliver and Hoppe, Peter and Hoor,
                      Peter and Mahnke, Christoph and Krämer, Martina and Rolf,
                      Christian and Grooß, Jens-Uwe and Zahn, Andreas and
                      Obersteiner, Florian and Ravegnani, Fabrizio and Ulanovsky,
                      Alexey and Schlager, Hans and Scheibe, Monika and Diskin,
                      Glenn S. and DiGangi, Joshua P. and Nowak, John B. and
                      Zöger, Martin and Borrmann, Stephan},
      title        = {{A}ircraft-based observation of meteoric material in
                      lower-stratospheric aerosol particles between 15 and 68°
                      {N}},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {21},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {1680-7324},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-00850},
      pages        = {989 - 1013},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {We analyse aerosol particle composition measurements from
                      five research missions between 2014 and 2018 to assess the
                      meridional extent of particles containing meteoric material
                      in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS).
                      Measurements from the Jungfraujoch mountaintop site and a
                      low-altitude aircraft mission show that meteoric material is
                      also present within middle- and lower-tropospheric aerosol
                      but within only a very small proportion of particles. For
                      both the UTLS campaigns and the lower- and mid-troposphere
                      observations, the measurements were conducted with
                      single-particle laser ablation mass spectrometers with
                      bipolar-ion detection, which enabled us to measure the
                      chemical composition of particles in a diameter range of
                      approximately 150 nm to 3 µm. The five UTLS aircraft
                      missions cover a latitude range from 15 to 68∘ N,
                      altitudes up to 21 km, and a potential temperature range
                      from 280 to 480 K. In total, 338 363 single particles
                      were analysed, of which 147 338 were measured in the
                      stratosphere. Of these total particles, 50 688 were
                      characterized by high abundances of magnesium and iron,
                      together with sulfuric ions, the vast majority (48 610) in
                      the stratosphere, and are interpreted as meteoric material
                      immersed or dissolved within sulfuric acid. It must be noted
                      that the relative abundance of such meteoric particles may
                      be overestimated by about $10 \%$ to $30 \%$ due to the
                      presence of pure sulfuric acid particles in the stratosphere
                      which are not detected by the instruments used here. Below
                      the tropopause, the observed fraction of the meteoric
                      particle type decreased sharply with $0.2 \%–1 \%$
                      abundance at Jungfraujoch, and smaller abundances
                      $(0.025 \%–0.05 \%)$ were observed during the
                      lower-altitude Canadian Arctic aircraft measurements. The
                      size distribution of the meteoric sulfuric particles
                      measured in the UTLS campaigns is consistent with earlier
                      aircraft-based mass-spectrometric measurements, with only
                      $5 \%–10 \%$ fractions in the smallest particles
                      detected (200–300 nm diameter) but with substantial
                      $(> 40 \%)$ abundance fractions for particles from
                      300–350 up to 900 nm in diameter, suggesting
                      sedimentation is the primary loss mechanism. In the tropical
                      lower stratosphere, only a small fraction $(< 10 \%)$ of
                      the analysed particles contained meteoric material. In
                      contrast, in the extratropics the observed fraction of
                      meteoric particles reached $20 \%–40 \%$ directly
                      above the tropopause. At potential temperature levels of
                      more than 40 K above the thermal tropopause, particles
                      containing meteoric material were observed in much higher
                      relative abundances than near the tropopause, and, at these
                      altitudes, they occurred at a similar abundance fraction
                      across all latitudes and seasons measured. Above 440 K,
                      the observed fraction of meteoric particles is above
                      $60 \%$ at latitudes between 20 and 42∘ N. Meteoric
                      smoke particles are transported from the mesosphere into the
                      stratosphere within the winter polar vortex and are
                      subsequently distributed towards low latitudes by isentropic
                      mixing, typically below a potential temperature of 440 K.
                      By contrast, the findings from the UTLS measurements show
                      that meteoric material is found in stratospheric aerosol
                      particles at all latitudes and seasons, which suggests that
                      either isentropic mixing is effective also above 440 K or
                      that meteoric fragments may be the source of a substantial
                      proportion of the observed meteoric material.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {211 - Die Atmosphäre im globalen Wandel (POF4-211)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-211},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000613896300002},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-21-989-2021},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/890266},
}