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@ARTICLE{Mertens:890293,
      author       = {Mertens, Mariano and Kerkweg, Astrid and Grewe, Volker and
                      Jöckel, Patrick and Sausen, Robert},
      title        = {{A}ttributing ozone and its precursors to land transport
                      emissions in {E}urope and {G}ermany},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {20},
      number       = {13},
      issn         = {1680-7324},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-00874},
      pages        = {7843 - 7873},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Land transport is an important emission source of nitrogen
                      oxides, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds. The
                      emissions of nitrogen oxides affect air quality directly.
                      Further, all of these emissions serve as a precursor for the
                      formation of tropospheric ozone, thus leading to an indirect
                      influence on air quality. In addition, ozone is radiatively
                      active and its increase leads to a positive radiative
                      forcing. Due to the strong non-linearity of the ozone
                      chemistry, the contribution of emission sources to ozone
                      cannot be calculated or measured directly. Instead,
                      atmospheric chemistry models equipped with specific source
                      attribution methods (e.g. tagging methods) are required. In
                      this study we investigate the contribution of land transport
                      emissions to ozone and ozone precursors using the MECO(n)
                      model system (MESSy-fied ECHAM and COSMO models nested n
                      times). This model system couples a global and a regional
                      chemistry climate model and is equipped with a tagging
                      diagnostic. We investigate the combined effect of
                      long-range-transported ozone and ozone which is produced by
                      European emissions by applying the tagging diagnostic
                      simultaneously and consistently on the global and regional
                      scale. We performed two simulations each covering 3 years
                      with different anthropogenic emission inventories for
                      Europe. We applied two regional refinements, i.e. one
                      refinement covering Europe (50 km resolution) and one
                      covering Germany (12 km resolution). The diagnosed
                      absolute contributions of land transport emissions to
                      reactive nitrogen (NOy) near ground level are in the range
                      of 5 to 10 nmol mol−1. This corresponds to relative
                      contributions of $50 \%$ to $70 \%.$ The largest
                      absolute contributions appear around Paris, southern
                      England, Moscow, the Po Valley, and western Germany. The
                      absolute contributions to carbon monoxide range from
                      30 nmol mol−1 to more than 75 nmol mol−1 near
                      emission hot-spots such as Paris or Moscow. The ozone which
                      is attributed to land transport emissions shows a strong
                      seasonal cycle with absolute contributions of
                      3 nmol mol−1 during winter and 5 to
                      10 nmol mol−1 during summer. This corresponds to
                      relative contributions of $8 \%$ to $10 \%$ during
                      winter and up to $16 \%$ during summer. The largest values
                      during summer are confined to the Po Valley, while the
                      contributions in western Europe range from $12 \%$ to
                      $14 \%.$ Only during summer are the ozone contributions
                      slightly influenced by the anthropogenic emission inventory,
                      but these differences are smaller than the range of the
                      seasonal cycle of the contribution to land transport
                      emissions. This cycle is caused by a complex interplay of
                      seasonal cycles of other emissions (e.g. biogenic) and
                      seasonal variations of the ozone regimes. In addition, our
                      results suggest that during events with large ozone values
                      the ozone contributions of land transport and biogenic
                      emissions increase strongly. Here, the contribution of land
                      transport emissions peaks up to $28 \%.$ Hence, our model
                      results suggest that land transport emissions are an
                      important contributor during periods with large ozone
                      values.},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {243 - Tropospheric trace substances and their
                      transformation processes (POF3-243)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-243},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000547864400001},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-20-7843-2020},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/890293},
}