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@ARTICLE{Campos:890545,
      author       = {Campos, Lucas and Hornung, Raphael and Gompper, Gerhard and
                      Elgeti, Jens and Caspers, Svenja},
      title        = {{T}he role of thickness inhomogeneities in hierarchical
                      cortical folding.},
      journal      = {NeuroImage},
      volume       = {231},
      issn         = {1053-8119},
      address      = {Orlando, Fla.},
      publisher    = {Academic Press},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-01027},
      pages        = {117779},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {The mammalian brain cortex is highly folded, with several
                      developmental disorders affecting folding. On the extremes,
                      lissencephaly, a lack of folds in humans, and
                      polymicrogyria, an overly folded brain, can lead to severe
                      mental retardation, short life expectancy, epileptic
                      seizures, and tetraplegia. Not only a specific degree of
                      folding, but also stereotyped patterns are required for
                      normal brain function. A quantitative model on how and why
                      these folds appear during the development of the brain is
                      the first step in understanding the cause of these
                      conditions. In recent years, there have been various
                      attempts to understand and model the mechanisms of brain
                      folding. Previous works have shown that mechanical
                      instabilities play a crucial role in the formation of brain
                      folds, and that the geometry of the fetal brain is one of
                      the main factors in dictating its folding characteristics.
                      However, modeling higher-order folding, one of the main
                      characteristics of the highly gyrencephalic brain, has not
                      been fully tackled. The simulations presented in this work
                      are used to study the effects of thickness inhomogeneity in
                      the gyrogenesis of the mammalian brain in silico.
                      Finite-element simulations of rectangular slabs are
                      performed. These slabs are divided into two distinct
                      regions, where the outer region mimics the gray matter, and
                      the inner region the underlying white matter. Differential
                      growth is introduced by growing the top region tangentially,
                      while keeping the underlying region untouched. The brain
                      tissue is modeled as a neo-Hookean hyperelastic material.
                      Simulations are performed with both, homogeneous and
                      inhomogeneous cortical thickness. Our results show that the
                      homogeneous cortex folds into a single wavelength, as is
                      common for bilayered materials, while the inhomogeneous
                      cortex folds into more complex conformations. In the early
                      stages of development of the inhomogeneous cortex,
                      structures reminiscent of the deep sulci in the brain are
                      obtained. As the cortex continues to develop, secondary
                      undulations, which are shallower and more variable than the
                      structures obtained in earlier gyrification stage emerge,
                      reproducing well-known characteristics of higher-order
                      folding in the mammalian, and particularly the human,
                      brain.},
      keywords     = {cortical folding (Other) / cortical thickness (Other) /
                      gyrification (Other) / gyrogenesis (Other) / higher-order
                      folding (Other)},
      cin          = {INM-1 / IBI-5},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-1-20090406 / I:(DE-Juel1)IBI-5-20200312},
      pnm          = {525 - Decoding Brain Organization and Dysfunction
                      (POF4-525) / HBP SGA3 - Human Brain Project Specific Grant
                      Agreement 3 (945539) / 5243 - Information Processing in
                      Distributed Systems (POF4-524)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-525 / G:(EU-Grant)945539 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5243},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:33548459},
      UT           = {WOS:000656560100005},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117779},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/890545},
}