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@ARTICLE{Robrecht:890654,
      author       = {Robrecht, Sabine and Vogel, Bärbel and Tilmes, Simone and
                      Müller, Rolf},
      title        = {{P}otential of future stratospheric ozone loss in the
                      midlatitudes under global warming and sulfate
                      geoengineering},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {21},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {1680-7316},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-01102},
      pages        = {2427 - 2455},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {The potential of heterogeneous chlorine activation in the
                      midlatitude lowermost stratosphere during summer is a matter
                      of debate. The occurrence of heterogeneous chlorine
                      activation through the presence of aerosol particles could
                      cause ozone destruction. This chemical process requires low
                      temperatures and is accelerated by an enhancement of the
                      stratospheric water vapour and sulfate amount. In
                      particular, the conditions present in the lowermost
                      stratosphere during the North American Summer Monsoon season
                      (NAM) are expected to be cold and moist enough to cause the
                      occurrence of heterogeneous chlorine activation.
                      Furthermore, the temperatures, the water vapour mixing ratio
                      and the sulfate aerosol abundance are affected by future
                      global warming and by the potential application of sulfate
                      geoengineering. Hence, both future scenarios could promote
                      this ozone destruction process.We investigate the likelihood
                      of the occurrence of heterogeneous chlorine activation and
                      its impact on ozone in the lowermost-stratospheric mixing
                      layer between tropospheric and stratospheric air above
                      central North America (30.6–49.6∘ N,
                      72.25–124.75∘ W) in summer for conditions today, at
                      the middle and at the end of the 21st century. Therefore,
                      the results of the Geoengineering Large Ensemble Simulations
                      (GLENS) for the lowermost-stratospheric mixing layer between
                      tropospheric and stratospheric air are considered together
                      with 10-day box-model simulations performed with the
                      Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). In
                      GLENS two future scenarios are simulated: the RCP8.5 global
                      warming scenario and a geoengineering scenario, where sulfur
                      is additionally injected into the stratosphere to keep the
                      global mean surface temperature from changing.In the GLENS
                      simulations, the mixing layer will warm and moisten in both
                      future scenarios with a larger effect in the geoengineering
                      scenario. The likelihood of chlorine activation occurring in
                      the mixing layer is highest in the years 2040–2050 if
                      geoengineering is applied, accounting for $3.3 \%.$ In
                      comparison, the likelihood of conditions today is
                      $1.0 \%.$ At the end of the 21st century, the likelihood
                      of this ozone destruction process occurring decreases. We
                      found that $0.1 \%$ of the ozone mixing ratios in the
                      mixing layer above central North America is destroyed for
                      conditions today. A maximum ozone destruction of $0.3 \%$
                      in the mixing layer occurs in the years 2040–2050 if
                      geoengineering is applied. Comparing the southernmost
                      latitude band (30–35∘ N) and the northernmost latitude
                      band (44–49∘ N) of the considered region, we found a
                      higher likelihood of the occurrence of heterogeneous
                      chlorine activation in the southernmost latitude band,
                      causing a higher impact on ozone as well. However, the ozone
                      loss process is found to have a minor impact on the
                      midlatitude ozone column.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {211 - Die Atmosphäre im globalen Wandel (POF4-211)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-211},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000621375300001},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-21-2427-2021},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/890654},
}