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@ARTICLE{Doppler:890899,
      author       = {Doppler, Christopher E J and Smit, Julia A M and Hommelsen,
                      Maximilian and Seger, Aline and Horsager, Jacob and
                      Kinnerup, Martin B and Hansen, Allan K and Fedorova, Tatyana
                      D and Knudsen, Karoline and Otto, Marit and Nahimi, Adjmal
                      and Borghammer, Per and Sommerauer, Michael},
      title        = {{M}icrosleep disturbances are associated with noradrenergic
                      dysfunction in {P}arkinson’s disease},
      journal      = {Sleep},
      volume       = {44},
      number       = {8},
      issn         = {1550-9109},
      address      = {Oxford},
      publisher    = {Oxford Univ. Press},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-01230},
      pages        = {zsab040},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Study ObjectivesParkinson’s disease (PD) commonly
                      involves degeneration of sleep-wake regulating brainstem
                      nuclei; likewise, sleep-wake disturbances are highly
                      prevalent in PD patients. As polysomnography macroparameters
                      typically show only minor changes in PD, we investigated
                      sleep microstructure, particularly cyclic alternating
                      pattern (CAP), and its relation to alterations of the
                      noradrenergic system in these patients.MethodsWe analyzed 27
                      PD patients and 13 healthy control (HC) subjects who
                      underwent overnight polysomnography and 11C-MeNER positron
                      emission tomography for evaluation of noradrenaline
                      transporter density. Sleep macroparameters, as well as CAP
                      metrics, were evaluated according to the consensus statement
                      from 2001. Statistical analysis comprised group comparisons
                      and correlation analysis of CAP metrics with clinical
                      characteristics of PD patients as well as noradrenaline
                      transporter density.ResultsPD patients and HC subjects were
                      comparable in demographic characteristics (age, sex, body
                      mass index) and polysomnography macroparameters. CAP rate as
                      well as A index differed significantly between groups, with
                      PD patients having a lower CAP rate (46.7 ± $6.6\%$ versus
                      38.0 ± $11.6\%,$ p = 0.015) and lower A index (49.0 ±
                      8.7/hour versus 40.1 ± 15.4/hour, p = 0.042). In PD
                      patients, both CAP metrics correlated significantly with
                      diminished noradrenaline transporter density in arousal
                      prompting brainstem nuclei (locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei)
                      as well as arousal propagating brain structures like
                      thalamus and bitemporal cortex.ConclusionsSleep
                      microstructure is more severely altered than sleep
                      macrostructure in PD patients and is associated with
                      widespread dysfunction of the noradrenergic arousal system.},
      cin          = {INM-3},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-3-20090406},
      pnm          = {525 - Decoding Brain Organization and Dysfunction
                      (POF4-525)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-525},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:33608699},
      UT           = {WOS:000692616900005},
      doi          = {10.1093/sleep/zsab040},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/890899},
}