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@ARTICLE{Gohardoust:890902,
      author       = {Gohardoust, Mohammad R. and Šimůnek, Jirka and Hardelauf,
                      Horst and Tuller, Markus},
      title        = {{A}daptation and validation of the {P}ar{SWMS} numerical
                      code for simulation of water flow and solute transport in
                      soilless greenhouse substrates},
      journal      = {Journal of hydrology},
      volume       = {596},
      issn         = {0022-1694},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-01233},
      pages        = {126053 -},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Numerical simulation of three-dimensional water flow and
                      solute transport in containerized variably saturated
                      soilless substrates with complex hydraulic properties and
                      boundary conditions necessitates high-resolution dis­
                      cretization of the spatial and temporal domains, which
                      commonly leads to several million nodes requiring nu­
                      merical evaluation. Even today’s computing prowess of
                      workstations is not adequate to tackle such problems within
                      a reasonable timeframe, especially when numerous
                      realizations are required to optimize the geometry,
                      substrate properties, and irrigation and fertigation
                      management of soilless plant growth modules. Hence, the
                      parallelization of the numerical code and utilization of
                      high performance computing (HPC) are essential. Here, we
                      adapted and applied the ParSWMS parallelized code that is
                      amenable to solving the 3D Richards equation for water flow
                      and the convection-dispersion equation for solute transport
                      subject to linear solute adsorption. The code was modified
                      to allow for nonlinear equilibrium solute adsorption with
                      new boundary conditions and applied to simulate water flow
                      and nitrogen and phosphorus transport in containerized
                      soilless substrates. Multi- solute transport simulations
                      with the modified Linux ParSWMS code were first performed on
                      a workstation and referenced to the Windows-based HYDRUS
                      (2D/3D) numerical code. After confirming the agreement
                      between the modified ParSWMS code and HYDRUS (2D/3D),
                      various preconditioners and iterative solvers were evaluated
                      to find the computationally most efficient combinations. The
                      performance of the modified ParSWMS code and its stability
                      were compared to HYDRUS (2D/3D) simulations for three
                      soilless substrates consisting of horticultural perlite,
                      volcanic tuff, and a volcanic tuff/coconut coir mixture.
                      Considering the solute mass balance error as a stability
                      measure, ParSWMS outperformed HYDRUS (2D/3D). Moreover,
                      simulations with the modified ParSWMS code were about $22\%$
                      faster than simulations with HYDRUS (2D/3D) on the
                      workstation. Tests of the modified ParSWMS on two HPC
                      clusters with 28 and 94 cores revealed a potential
                      computational speedup of $94\%$ relative to the HYDRUS
                      (2D/3D) simulations performed on the workstation.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {690},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {217 - Für eine nachhaltige Bio-Ökonomie – von
                      Ressourcen zu Produkten (POF4-217) / 2173 -
                      Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-217 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000642334400032},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126053},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/890902},
}