Our goal is to interpolate ozone metrics and aggregated statistics from the database of the Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR) onto a global 0.1° x 0.1° resolution grid.  It is challenging to interpolate ozone, a toxic greenhouse gas because its formation depends on many interconnected environmental factors on small scales. We conduct the interpolation with various machine learning methods trained on aggregated hourly ozone data from five years at more than 5500 locations worldwide. We use several geospatial datasets as training inputs to provide proxy input for environmental factors controlling ozone formation, such as precursor emissions and climate. The resulting maps contain different ozone metrics, i.e. statistical aggregations which are widely used to assess air pollution impacts on health, vegetation, and climate.

The key aspects of this contribution are twofold: First, we apply explainable machine learning methods to the data-driven ozone assessment. Second, we discuss dominant uncertainties relevant to the ozone mapping and quantify their impact whenever possible. Our methods include a thorough a-priori uncertainty estimation of the various data and methods, assessment of scientific consistency, finding critical model parameters, using ensemble methods, and performing error modeling.

Our work aims to increase the reliability and integrity of the derived ozone maps through the provision of scientific robustness to a data-centric machine learning task. This study hence represents a blueprint for how to formulate an environmental machine learning task scientifically, gather the necessary data, and develop a data-driven workflow that focuses on optimizing transparency and applicability of its product to maximize its scientific knowledge return.