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@ARTICLE{Litnovsky:891395,
      author       = {Litnovsky, Andrey and Schmitz, Janina and Klein, Felix and
                      De Lannoye, Karen and Weckauf, Sophie and Kreter, Arkadi and
                      Rasinski, Marcin and Coenen, Jan W. and Linsmeier, Christian
                      and Gonzalez-Julian, Jesus and Bram, Martin and Povstugar,
                      Ivan and Morgan, Thomas and Nguyen-Manh, Duc and Gilbert,
                      Mark and Sobieraj, Damian and Wróbel, Jan S.},
      title        = {{S}mart {T}ungsten-based {A}lloys for a {F}irst {W}all of
                      {DEMO}},
      journal      = {Fusion engineering and design},
      volume       = {159},
      issn         = {0920-3796},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-01484},
      pages        = {111742 -},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {During an accident with loss-of-coolant and air ingress in
                      DEMO, the temperature of tungsten first wall cladding may
                      exceed 1000 °C and remain for months leading to tungsten
                      oxidation. The radioactive tungsten oxide can be mobilized
                      to the environment at rates of 10–150 kg per hour. Smart
                      tungsten-based alloys are under development to address this
                      issue. Alloys are aimed to function as pure tungsten during
                      regular plasma operation of DEMO. During an accident,
                      alloying elements will create a protective layer,
                      suppressing release of W oxide.Bulk smart alloys were
                      developed by using mechanical alloying and field-assisted
                      sintering technology. The mechanical alloying process was
                      optimized leading to an increased powder production by at
                      least 40 $\%.$ Smart alloys and tungsten were tested under a
                      variety of DEMO-relevant plasma conditions. Both materials
                      demonstrated similar sputtering resistance to deuterium
                      plasma. Under accident conditions, alloys feature a 40-fold
                      reduction of W release compared to that of pure tungsten.},
      cin          = {IEK-4 / IEK-1},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013},
      pnm          = {134 - Plasma-Wand-Wechselwirkung (POF4-134)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-134},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000580835200012},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.fusengdes.2020.111742},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/891395},
}