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@ARTICLE{Litnovsky:891440,
      author       = {Litnovsky, A. and Klein, F. and Schmitz, J. and Wegener, T.
                      and Linsmeier, Ch. and Gilbert, M. R. and Rasinski, M. and
                      Kreter, A. and Tan, Xiaoyue and Mao, Y. and Coenen, J. W.
                      and Bram, M. and Gonzalez-Julian, J.},
      title        = {{S}mart first wall materials for intrinsic safety of a
                      fusion power plant},
      journal      = {Fusion engineering and design},
      volume       = {136},
      issn         = {0920-3796},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-01522},
      pages        = {878 - 882},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {The first wall armor of a DEMOnstration fusion power plant
                      (DEMO) is planned to be built from tungsten. However, in
                      case of loss-of-coolant accident with air ingress, the
                      temperature of the first wall may exceed 1000 °C due to
                      nuclear decay heat. At such temperatures, tungsten forms
                      volatile radioactive oxides, which may be mobilized into the
                      environment at a rate of 10–600 kg per hour.Advanced
                      “smart” tungsten alloys adjust their properties to the
                      environment: during the plasma operation, preferential
                      sputtering will form almost pure tungsten surface facing the
                      plasma. In case of an accident, the remaining alloying
                      elements form a protective layer, preventing tungsten
                      mobilization.The new smart alloys contain tungsten (W),
                      chromium (Cr) and yttrium (Y). The first bulk smart alloys
                      produced using field-assisted sintering technique, revealed
                      excellent oxidation resistance for a timescale of
                      10–20 hours. W-Cr-Y systems underwent combined plasma
                      and oxidation test. During plasma exposure, smart alloys
                      demonstrated nearly the same mass loss as the reference pure
                      tungsten samples. Subsequent oxidation confirmed superior
                      oxidation resistance of new alloys compared to the former
                      W-Cr-Ti systems.Experiments attaining oxidation times and
                      plasma fluence required for DEMO, are started. First results
                      show necessity in further improvement of W-Cr-Y alloys.},
      cin          = {IEK-4 / IEK-1},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013},
      pnm          = {113 - Methods and Concepts for Material Development
                      (POF3-113)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-113},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000452575300012},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.04.028},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/891440},
}