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@ARTICLE{Hering:891821,
      author       = {Hering, Dominik and Cansev, Mehmet Ege and Tamassia,
                      Eugenio and Xhonneux, André and Müller, Dirk},
      title        = {{T}emperature control of a low-temperature district heating
                      network with {M}odel {P}redictive {C}ontrol and
                      {M}ixed-{I}nteger {Q}uadratically {C}onstrained
                      {P}rogramming},
      journal      = {Energy},
      volume       = {224},
      issn         = {0360-5442},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-01746},
      pages        = {120140 -},
      year         = {2021},
      note         = {Kein Zugriff auf Post-print},
      abstract     = {District heating networks transport thermal energy from one
                      or more sources to a plurality of consumers. Lowering the
                      operating temperatures of district heating networks is a key
                      research topic to reduce energy losses and unlock the
                      potential of low-temperature heat sources, such as waste
                      heat. With an increasing share of uncontrolled heat sources
                      in district heating networks, control strategies to
                      coordinate energy supply and network operation become more
                      important. This paper focuses on the modeling, control, and
                      optimization of a low-temperature district heating network,
                      presenting a case study with a high share of waste heat from
                      high-performance computers. The network consists of heat
                      pumps with temperature-dependent characteristics. In this
                      paper, quadratic correlations are used to model temperature
                      characteristics. Thus, a mixed-integer
                      quadratically-constrained program is presented that
                      optimizes the operation of heat pumps in combination with
                      thermal energy storages and the operating temperatures of a
                      pipe network. The network operation is optimized for three
                      sample days. The presented optimization model uses the
                      flexibility of the thermal energy storages and thermal
                      inertia of the network by controlling its flow and return
                      temperatures. The results show savings of electrical energy
                      consumption of $1.55\%–5.49\%,$ depending on heat and cool
                      demand.},
      cin          = {IEK-10},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-10-20170217},
      pnm          = {112 - Digitalisierung und Systemtechnik (POF4-112)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000640927500010},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.energy.2021.120140},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/891821},
}