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@ARTICLE{Ban:891909,
      author       = {Ban, Nikolina and Caillaud, Cécile and Coppola, Erika and
                      Pichelli, Emanuela and Sobolowski, Stefan and Adinolfi,
                      Marianna and Ahrens, Bodo and Alias, Antoinette and Anders,
                      Ivonne and Bastin, Sophie and Belušić, Danijel and
                      Berthou, Ségolène and Brisson, Erwan and Cardoso, Rita M.
                      and Chan, Steven C. and Christensen, Ole Bøssing and
                      Fernández, Jesús and Fita, Lluís and Frisius, Thomas and
                      Gašparac, Goran and Giorgi, Filippo and Görgen, Klaus and
                      Haugen, Jan Erik and Hodnebrog, Øivind and Kartsios,
                      Stergios and Katragkou, Eleni and Kendon, Elizabeth J. and
                      Keuler, Klaus and Lavin-Gullon, Alvaro and Lenderink, Geert
                      and Leutwyler, David and Lorenz, Torge and Maraun, Douglas
                      and Mercogliano, Paola and Milovac, Josipa and Panitz,
                      Hans-Juergen and Raffa, Mario and Remedio, Armelle Reca and
                      Schär, Christoph and Soares, Pedro M. M and Srnec, Lidija
                      and Steensen, Birthe Marie and Stocchi, Paolo and Tölle,
                      Merja H. and Truhetz, Heimo and Vergara-Temprado, Jesus and
                      de Vries, Hylke and Warrach-Sagi, Kirsten and Wulfmeyer,
                      Volker and Zander, Mar Janne},
      title        = {{T}he first multi-model ensemble of regional climate
                      simulations at kilometer-scale resolution, part {I}:
                      evaluation of precipitation},
      journal      = {Climate dynamics},
      volume       = {57},
      issn         = {1432-0894},
      address      = {Heidelberg},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-01821},
      pages        = {275–302},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Here we present the first multi-model ensemble of regional
                      climate simulations at kilometer-scale horizontal grid
                      spacing over a decade long period. A total of 23 simulations
                      run with a horizontal grid spacing of ∼3 km, driven by
                      ERA-Interim reanalysis, and performed by 22 European
                      research groups are analysed. Six different regional climate
                      models (RCMs) are represented in the ensemble. The
                      simulations are compared against available high-resolution
                      precipitation observations and coarse resolution (∼ 12 km)
                      RCMs with parameterized convection. The model simulations
                      and observations are compared with respect to mean
                      precipitation, precipitation intensity and frequency, and
                      heavy precipitation on daily and hourly timescales in
                      different seasons. The results show that kilometer-scale
                      models produce a more realistic representation of
                      precipitation than the coarse resolution RCMs. The most
                      significant improvements are found for heavy precipitation
                      and precipitation frequency on both daily and hourly time
                      scales in the summer season. In general, kilometer-scale
                      models tend to produce more intense precipitation and
                      reduced wet-hour frequency compared to coarse resolution
                      models. On average, the multi-model mean shows a reduction
                      of bias from ∼ $−40\%$ at 12 km to ∼ $−3\%$ at 3 km
                      for heavy hourly precipitation in summer. Furthermore, the
                      uncertainty ranges i.e. the variability between the models
                      for wet hour frequency is reduced by half with the use of
                      kilometer-scale models. Although differences between the
                      model simulations at the kilometer-scale and observations
                      still exist, it is evident that these simulations are
                      superior to the coarse-resolution RCM simulations in the
                      representing precipitation in the present-day climate, and
                      thus offer a promising way forward for investigations of
                      climate and climate change at local to regional scales.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {217 - Für eine nachhaltige Bio-Ökonomie – von
                      Ressourcen zu Produkten (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-217},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000638541000001},
      doi          = {10.1007/s00382-021-05708-w},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/891909},
}