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@ARTICLE{Huang:891950,
      author       = {Huang, Hong and Samsun, Remzi Can and Peters, Ralf and
                      Stolten, Detlef},
      title        = {{G}reener production of dimethyl carbonate by the
                      {P}ower-to-{F}uel concept: a comparative techno-economic
                      analysis},
      journal      = {Green chemistry},
      volume       = {23},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {1463-9270},
      address      = {Cambridge},
      publisher    = {RSC},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-01846},
      pages        = {1734 - 1747},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Power-to-Fuel is an emerging concept that uses surplus
                      electricity-powered H2 and CO2 to produce future fuels.
                      Previously studied fuel candidates include methanol,
                      Fischer–Tropsch, and ethers. Apart from these candidates,
                      dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is increasingly recognized as a
                      viable fuel. Various new production pathways are being
                      actively developed encouraged by its wider range of
                      applications. In this study, we first performed a
                      preliminary screening of available pathways with respect to
                      their levels of technical maturity and their compliance with
                      green chemistry principles. The selected pathways are
                      oxidative carbonylation of methanol, direct urea
                      methanolysis as well as indirect urea methanolysis via
                      ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate routes. We
                      designed the processes and simulated the material and energy
                      balances in the context of the Power-to-Fuel concept.
                      Subsequently, a techno-economic analysis was performed to
                      assess their viability. From the analysis, we found that the
                      process steps of methanol and urea syntheses are the major
                      capital investment contributors, rather than the DMC
                      synthesis step itself. The direct urea methanolysis exhibits
                      the highest energy efficiency of $48.5\%$ and the lowest
                      cost of manufacturing (COM) of 2.19 € per lDE. The
                      oxidative carbonylation of methanol is featured with the
                      lowest capital expenditure (CAPEX) and utility consumption.
                      Both the indirect urea methanolysis pathways have better
                      conversions than the direct urea methanolysis, but their
                      advantages can only be seen provided that the utility
                      consumption is minimised. Under current market conditions,
                      only the direct urea methanolysis pathway is slightly
                      profitable by the net present value (NPV) and minimum
                      selling price (MSP). The hydrogen price is found to be the
                      dominant economic driver of all pathways, with the oxidative
                      carbonylation of methanol in particular.},
      cin          = {IEK-14 / IEK-3 / JARA-ENERGY},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-14-20191129 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-3-20101013 /
                      $I:(DE-82)080011_20140620$},
      pnm          = {135 - Fuel Cells (POF3-135) / 134 - Electrolysis and
                      Hydrogen (POF3-134) / 1111 - Effective System Transformation
                      Pathways (POF4-111) / 1112 - Societally Feasible
                      Transformation Pathways (POF4-111) / 1232 - Power-based
                      Fuels and Chemicals (POF4-123)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-135 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-134 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1111 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1112 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1232},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000629630600020},
      doi          = {10.1039/D0GC03865B},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/891950},
}