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@ARTICLE{Singh:892512,
      author       = {Singh, Bhupendra Bahadur and Krishnan, Raghavan and
                      Ayantika, D. C. and Vellore, Ramesh K. and Sabin, T. P. and
                      Kumar, K. Ravi and Brunamonti, Simone and Hanumanthu,
                      Sreeharsha and Jorge, Teresa and Oelsner, Peter and
                      Sonbawne, Sunil and Naja, Manish and Fadnavis, Suvarna and
                      Peter, Thomas and Srivastava, Manoj K.},
      title        = {{L}inkage of water vapor distribution in the lower
                      stratosphere to organized {A}sian summer monsoon convection},
      journal      = {Climate dynamics},
      volume       = {57},
      issn         = {1432-0894},
      address      = {Heidelberg},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-02120},
      pages        = {1709–1731},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Accumulation of water vapor in the upper troposphere/lower
                      stratosphere (UT/LS) over the Asian continent is a
                      recognized feature during the boreal summer monsoon. While
                      there has been a debate on the role of monsoon convective
                      intensities on the UT/LS water vapor accumulations, there
                      are ambiguities with regard to the effects of organized
                      monsoon convection on the spatial distribution of water
                      vapor. We provide insights into this aspect using high
                      precision balloon measurements of water vapor from a
                      high-elevation site Nainital (29.4° N, 79.5° E), India,
                      located in the Himalayan foothills and satellite retrievals
                      of water vapor from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). We
                      also use precipitation estimates from the Tropical Rainfall
                      Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite (i.e., merged product
                      3B42 and precipitation radar 3A25 estimates of rain rate and
                      rain type viz convective/stratiform), reanalysis circulation
                      data, as well as numerical model simulations. We first
                      evaluate the MLS estimates of water vapor mixing ratios with
                      in situ high precision hygrometer balloon observations over
                      Nainital. It is seen from our analyses of the MLS data that
                      the LS water vapor distribution is closely linked to the
                      organization of the South Asian monsoon convection and its
                      influence on the UT/LS circulation. This link between LS
                      water vapor distribution and organized monsoon convection is
                      also captured in the in situ observations on 3 August 2016.
                      It is evidenced that periods of organized summer monsoon
                      convective activity over the Indian subcontinent and Bay of
                      Bengal promote divergence of water vapor flux in the UT/LS;
                      additionally the Tibetan anticyclonic circulation causes
                      widespread distribution of the UT/LS water vapor. In
                      addition to the effects of Asian monsoon convection, we also
                      note that global climate drivers such as El Niño-Southern
                      Oscillation (ENSO), Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC), and
                      Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) can contribute to nearly
                      $38\%$ of the UT/LS water vapor variability over the Asian
                      monsoon region. The main result of our study indicates that
                      widespread spatial distribution and accumulation of water
                      vapor in the LS (about $80\%$ of total accumulation between
                      May and August months) tend to co-occur with organized
                      monsoon convection, intensified divergence of water vapor
                      flux in the UT/LS and intensified Tibetan anticyclone. On
                      the other hand, the circulation response and LS water vapor
                      distribution to pre-monsoon localized deep convection tend
                      to have a limited spatial scale confined to Southeast Asia.
                      Results from model experiments suggest that the UT/LS
                      circulation pattern to organized monsoon convection has
                      resemblance to stationary Rossby waves forced by organized
                      latent heating, with the westward extending response larger
                      by about 15° longitudes as compared to that of the
                      pre-monsoon localized deep convection.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {211 - Die Atmosphäre im globalen Wandel (POF4-211)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-211},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000643188100001},
      doi          = {10.1007/s00382-021-05772-2},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/892512},
}