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@ARTICLE{Kaiser:892612,
      author       = {Kaiser, Franz and Witthaut, Dirk},
      title        = {{U}niversal statistics of redistribution factors and large
                      scale cascades in power grids},
      journal      = {IEEE access},
      volume       = {9},
      issn         = {2169-3536},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {IEEE},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-02201},
      pages        = {67364 - 67378},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Cascades of failures are among the biggest threats to
                      supply networks such as power grids: An initially failing
                      element may trigger the failure of other elements, thereby
                      eventually causing the entire network to collapse. Here, we
                      analyse the statistics of Line Outage Distribution Factors
                      (LODFs), which describe the rerouting of electric power
                      flows after a line failure. In particular, we demonstrate
                      that absolute LODFs are approximately log-normally
                      distributed throughout network topologies. We then
                      illustrate that this log-normal distribution of
                      redistribution factors results in a heavy tailed
                      distribution of outage sizes in a simplified, stochastic
                      cascade model over a certain range of parameters. This
                      cascade model extends previous stochastic cascade models by
                      adding more realistic redistribution mechanisms as well as
                      including more realistic initial trigger events. Our results
                      demonstrate that the statistics of redistribution factors is
                      a fundamental trait throughout different networks and
                      presents a possible explanation for the vast occurrence of
                      heavy tailed distributions in real-world reanalyses of power
                      outage sizes.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE},
      ddc          = {621.3},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013},
      pnm          = {153 - Assessment of Energy Systems – Addressing Issues of
                      Energy Efficiency and Energy Security (POF3-153) / 1112 -
                      Societally Feasible Transformation Pathways (POF4-111) /
                      VH-NG-1025 - Helmholtz Young Investigators Group
                      "Efficiency, Emergence and Economics of future supply
                      networks" $(VH-NG-1025_20112014)$ / CoNDyNet 2 - Kollektive
                      Nichtlineare Dynamik Komplexer Stromnetze (BMBF-03EK3055B) /
                      ES2050 - Energie System 2050 (ES2050)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-153 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1112 /
                      $G:(HGF)VH-NG-1025_20112014$ / G:(DE-JUEL1)BMBF-03EK3055B /
                      G:(DE-HGF)ES2050},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000649562100001},
      doi          = {10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3076892},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/892612},
}