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@ARTICLE{Pipich:892838,
      author       = {Pipich, Vitaliy and Starc, Thomas and Buitenhuis, Johan and
                      Kasher, Roni and Petry, Winfried and Oren, Yoram and
                      Schwahn, Dietmar},
      title        = {{S}ilica {F}ouling in {R}everse {O}smosis
                      {S}ystems–{O}perando {S}mall-{A}ngle {N}eutron
                      {S}cattering {S}tudies},
      journal      = {Membranes},
      volume       = {11},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {2077-0375},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-02377},
      pages        = {413 -},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {We present operando small-angle neutron scattering (SANS)
                      experiments on silica fouling at two reverse osmose (RO)
                      membranes under almost realistic conditions of practiced RO
                      desalination technique. To its realization, two cells were
                      designed for pressure fields and tangential feed cross-flows
                      up to 50 bar and 36 L/h, one cell equipped with the membrane
                      and the other one as an empty cell to measure the feed
                      solution in parallel far from the membrane. We studied
                      several aqueous silica dispersions combining the parameters
                      of colloidal radius, volume fraction, and ionic strength. A
                      relevant result is the observation of Bragg diffraction as
                      part of the SANS scattering pattern, representing a
                      crystalline cake layer of simple cubic lattice structure.
                      Other relevant parameters are silica colloidal size and
                      volume fraction far from and above the membrane, as well as
                      the lattice parameter of the silica cake layer, its volume
                      fraction, thickness, and porosity in comparison with the
                      corresponding permeate flux. The experiments show that the
                      formation of cake layer depends to a large extent on
                      colloidal size, ionic strength and cross-flow. Cake layer
                      formation proved to be a reversible process, which could be
                      dissolved at larger cross-flow. Only in one case we observed
                      an irreversible cake layer formation showing the
                      characteristics of an unstable phase transition. We likewise
                      observed enhanced silica concentration and/or cake formation
                      above the membrane, giving indication of a first order
                      liquid–solid phase transformation.},
      cin          = {JCNS-1 / IBI-4 / JCNS-FRM-II / MLZ / JCNS-4},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106 / I:(DE-Juel1)IBI-4-20200312 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 / I:(DE-588b)4597118-3 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-4-20201012},
      pnm          = {524 - Molecular and Cellular Information Processing
                      (POF4-524) / 6G4 - Jülich Centre for Neutron Research
                      (JCNS) (FZJ) (POF4-6G4) / 632 - Materials – Quantum,
                      Complex and Functional Materials (POF4-632) / 5241 -
                      Molecular Information Processing in Cellular Systems
                      (POF4-524)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-524 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-6G4 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF4-632 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5241},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS3-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {34070912},
      UT           = {WOS:000666442200001},
      doi          = {10.3390/membranes11060413},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/892838},
}