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@ARTICLE{Khler:892876,
      author       = {Köhler, Tobias and Feoktystov, Artem and Petracic, Oleg
                      and Kentzinger, Emmanuel and Bhatnagar-Schöffmann, Tanvi
                      and Feygenson, Mikhail and Nandakumaran, Nileena and
                      Landers, Joachim and Wende, Heiko and Cervellino, Antonio
                      and Rücker, Ulrich and Kovács, András and
                      Dunin-Borkowski, Rafal E. and Brückel, Thomas},
      title        = {{M}echanism of magnetization reduction in iron oxide
                      nanoparticles},
      journal      = {Nanoscale},
      volume       = {13},
      number       = {14},
      issn         = {2040-3372},
      address      = {Cambridge},
      publisher    = {RSC Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-02415},
      pages        = {6965 - 6976},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Iron oxide nanoparticles are presently considered as main
                      work horses for various applications including targeted drug
                      delivery and magnetic hyperthermia. Several questions remain
                      unsolved regarding the effect of size onto their overall
                      magnetic behavior. One aspect is the reduction of
                      magnetization compared to bulk samples. A detailed
                      understanding of the underlying mechanisms of this reduction
                      could improve the particle performance in applications. Here
                      we use a number of complementary experimental techniques
                      including neutron scattering and synchrotron X-ray
                      diffraction to arrive at a consistent conclusion. We confirm
                      the observation from previous studies of a reduced
                      saturation magnetization and argue that this reduction is
                      mainly associated with the presence of antiphase boundaries,
                      which are observed directly using high-resolution
                      transmission electron microscopy and indirectly via an
                      anisotropic peak broadening in X-ray diffraction patterns.
                      Additionally small-angle neutron scattering with polarized
                      neutrons revealed a small non-magnetic surface layer, that
                      is, however, not sufficient to explain the observed loss in
                      magnetization alone.},
      cin          = {JCNS-FRM-II / MLZ / JCNS-1 / JCNS-2 / JCNS-4 / ER-C-1 /
                      PGI-5},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 / I:(DE-588b)4597118-3 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106 / I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-2-20110106 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-4-20201012 / I:(DE-Juel1)ER-C-1-20170209 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)PGI-5-20110106},
      pnm          = {6G4 - Jülich Centre for Neutron Research (JCNS) (FZJ)
                      (POF4-6G4) / 632 - Materials – Quantum, Complex and
                      Functional Materials (POF4-632) / 5351 - Platform for
                      Correlative, In Situ and Operando Characterization
                      (POF4-535)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-6G4 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-632 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5351},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS1-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {33885498},
      UT           = {WOS:000637380400001},
      doi          = {10.1039/D0NR08615K},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/892876},
}