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@ARTICLE{Morandage:892907,
      author       = {Morandage, Shehan and Vanderborght, Jan and Zörner, Mirjam
                      and Cai, Gaochao and Leitner, Daniel and Vereecken, Harry
                      and Schnepf, Andrea},
      title        = {{R}oot architecture development in stony soils},
      journal      = {Vadose zone journal},
      volume       = {20},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {1539-1663},
      address      = {Hoboken, NJ},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-02431},
      pages        = {e20133},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Soils with high stone content represent a challenge to root
                      development, as each stone is an obstacle to root growth. A
                      high stone content also affects soil properties such as
                      temperature or water content, which in turn affects root
                      growth. We investigated the effects of all soil properties
                      combined on root development in the field using both
                      experiments and modeling. Field experiments were carried out
                      in rhizotron facilities during two consecutive growing
                      seasons (wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] and maize [Zea mays
                      L.]) in silty loam soils with high $(>50\%)$ and low
                      $(<4\%)$ stone contents. We extended the CPlantBox root
                      architecture model to explicitly consider the presence of
                      stones and simulated root growth on the plot scale over the
                      whole vegetation period. We found that a linear increase of
                      stone content resulted in a linear decrease of rooting depth
                      across all stone contents and developmental stages
                      considered, whereas rooting depth was only sensitive to
                      cracks below a certain crack density and at earlier growth
                      stages. Moreover, the impact of precipitation-influenced
                      soil strength had a relatively stronger impact on simulated
                      root arrival curves during the vegetation periods than soil
                      temperature. Resulting differences between stony and
                      non-stony soil of otherwise the same crop and weather
                      conditions show similar trends as the differences observed
                      in the rhizotron facilities. The combined belowground
                      effects resulted in differences in characteristic root
                      system measures of up to $48\%.$ In future work, comparison
                      of absolute values will require including shoot effects—in
                      particular, different carbon availabilities.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {217 - Für eine nachhaltige Bio-Ökonomie – von
                      Ressourcen zu Produkten (POF4-217) / DFG project 15232683 -
                      TRR 32: Muster und Strukturen in
                      Boden-Pflanzen-Atmosphären-Systemen: Erfassung,
                      Modellierung und Datenassimilation},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-217 / G:(GEPRIS)15232683},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000659904000001},
      doi          = {10.1002/vzj2.20133},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/892907},
}