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@ARTICLE{Kloss:893189,
      author       = {Kloss, Corinna and Berthet, Gwenaël and Sellitto, Pasquale
                      and Taha, Ghassan and Tidiga, Mariam and Eremenko, Maxim and
                      Bossolasco, Adriana and Jégou, Fabrice and Renard,
                      Jean-Baptiste and Legras, Bernard},
      collaboration = {Ploeger, Felix},
      title        = {{S}tratospheric aerosol layer perturbation caused by the
                      2019 {R}aikoke and {U}lawun eruptions and their radiative
                      forcing},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {21},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {1680-7324},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-02613},
      pages        = {535 - 560},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {In June 2019 a stratospheric eruption occurred at Raikoke
                      (48∘ N, 153∘ E). Satellite observations show the
                      injection of ash and SO2 into the lower stratosphere and an
                      early entrainment of the plume into a cyclone. Following the
                      Raikoke eruption, stratospheric aerosol optical depth (sAOD)
                      values increased in the whole Northern Hemisphere and
                      tropics and remained enhanced for more than 1 year, with
                      peak values at 0.040 (short-wavelength, high northern
                      latitudes) to 0.025 (short-wavelength, Northern Hemisphere
                      average). Discrepancies between observations and global
                      model simulations indicate that ash may have influenced the
                      extent and evolution of the sAOD. Top of the atmosphere
                      radiative forcings are estimated at values between −0.3
                      and −0.4Wm−2 (clear-sky) and of −0.1 to −0.2Wm−2
                      (all-sky), comparable to what was estimated for the Sarychev
                      eruption in 2009. Almost simultaneously two significantly
                      smaller stratospheric eruptions occurred at Ulawun
                      (5∘ S, 151∘ E) in June and August. Aerosol
                      enhancements from the Ulawun eruptions mainly had an impact
                      on the tropics and Southern Hemisphere. The Ulawun plume
                      circled the Earth within 1 month in the tropics. Peak
                      shorter-wavelength sAOD values at 0.01 are found in the
                      tropics following the Ulawun eruptions and a radiative
                      forcing not exceeding −0.15 (clear-sky) and −0.05
                      (all-sky). Compared to the Canadian fires (2017), Ambae
                      eruption (2018), Ulawun (2019) and the Australian fires
                      (2019/2020), the highest sAOD and radiative forcing values
                      are found for the Raikoke eruption.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {2112 - Climate Feedbacks (POF4-211)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000652555600001},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-21-535-2021},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/893189},
}