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@ARTICLE{Schreiber:893213,
      author       = {Schreiber, Andrea and Marx, Josefine and Zapp, Petra},
      title        = {{L}ife {C}ycle {A}ssessment studies of rare earths
                      production - {F}indings from a systematic review},
      journal      = {The science of the total environment},
      volume       = {791},
      issn         = {0048-9697},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-02630},
      pages        = {148257 -},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Rare earth elements (REEs) are one of the most important
                      elements used for transformation of the fossil era into a
                      decarbonized future. REEs are essential for wind, electric
                      and hybrid vehicles, and low-energy lighting. However, there
                      is a general understanding that REEs come along with
                      multiple environmental problems during their extraction and
                      processing.Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a well-established
                      method for a holistic evaluation of environmental effects of
                      a product system considering the entire life cycle. This
                      paper reviews LCA studies for determining the environmental
                      impacts of rare earth oxide (REO) production from Bayan Obo
                      and ion adsorption clays (IAC) in China, and shows why some
                      studies lead to over- and underestimated results.We found
                      out that current LCA studies of REE production provide a
                      good overall understanding of the underlying process chains,
                      which are mainly located in China. However, life cycle
                      inventories (LCI) appear often not complete. Several lack
                      accuracy, consistency, or transparency. Hence, resulting
                      environmental impacts are subject to great uncertainty. This
                      applies in particular to radioactivity and the handling of
                      wastewater and slurry in tailing ponds, which have often
                      been neglected.This article reviews 35 studies to identify
                      suitable LCAs for comparison. The assessment covers the
                      world's largest REO production facility, located in Bayan
                      Obo, as well as in-situ leaching of IACs in the Southern
                      Provinces of China. A total of 12 studies are selected, 8
                      for Bayan Obo and IACs each. The LCIs of these studies are
                      reviewed in detail. The effects of over- and underestimated
                      LCIs on the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) are
                      investigated. The partly controversial results of existing
                      LCAs are analyzed thoroughly and discussed. Our results show
                      that an increased consistency in LCA studies on REO
                      production is needed.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013},
      pnm          = {1112 - Societally Feasible Transformation Pathways
                      (POF4-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:34412378},
      UT           = {WOS:000686014900007},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148257},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/893213},
}