% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Maassen:893858,
      author       = {Maassen, Oliver and Fritsch, Sebastian and Palm, Julia and
                      Deffge, Saskia and Kunze, Julian and Marx, Gernot and
                      Riedel, Morris and Schuppert, Andreas and Bickenbach,
                      Johannes},
      title        = {{F}uture {M}edical {A}rtificial {I}ntelligence
                      {A}pplication {R}equirements and {E}xpectations of
                      {P}hysicians in {G}erman {U}niversity {H}ospitals:
                      {W}eb-{B}ased {S}urvey},
      journal      = {Journal of medical internet research},
      volume       = {23},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {1438-8871},
      address      = {Richmond, Va.},
      publisher    = {Healthcare World},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-02882},
      pages        = {e26646 -},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Background: The increasing development of artificial
                      intelligence (AI) systems in medicine driven by researchers
                      and entrepreneurs goes along with enormous expectations for
                      medical care advancement. AI might change the clinical
                      practice of physicians from almost all medical disciplines
                      and in most areas of health care. While expectations for AI
                      in medicine are high, practical implementations of AI for
                      clinical practice are still scarce in Germany. Moreover,
                      physicians’ requirements and expectations of AI in
                      medicine and their opinion on the usage of anonymized
                      patient data for clinical and biomedical research have not
                      been investigated widely in German university
                      hospitals.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate
                      physicians’ requirements and expectations of AI in
                      medicine and their opinion on the secondary usage of patient
                      data for (bio)medical research (eg, for the development of
                      machine learning algorithms) in university hospitals in
                      Germany.Methods: A web-based survey was conducted addressing
                      physicians of all medical disciplines in 8 German university
                      hospitals. Answers were given using Likert scales and
                      general demographic responses. Physicians were asked to
                      participate locally via email in the respective
                      hospitals.Results: The online survey was completed by 303
                      physicians (female: 121/303, $39.9\%;$ male: 173/303,
                      $57.1\%;$ no response: 9/303, $3.0\%)$ from a wide range of
                      medical disciplines and work experience levels. Most
                      respondents either had a positive (130/303, $42.9\%)$ or a
                      very positive attitude (82/303, $27.1\%)$ towards AI in
                      medicine. There was a significant association between the
                      personal rating of AI in medicine and the self-reported
                      technical affinity level (H4=48.3, P<.001). A vast majority
                      of physicians expected the future of medicine to be a mix of
                      human and artificial intelligence (273/303, $90.1\%)$ but
                      also requested a scientific evaluation before the routine
                      implementation of AI-based systems (276/303, $91.1\%).$
                      Physicians were most optimistic that AI applications would
                      identify drug interactions (280/303, $92.4\%)$ to improve
                      patient care substantially but were quite reserved regarding
                      AI-supported diagnosis of psychiatric diseases (62/303,
                      $20.5\%).$ Of the respondents, $82.5\%$ (250/303) agreed
                      that there should be open access to anonymized patient
                      databases for medical and biomedical research.Conclusions:
                      Physicians in stationary patient care in German university
                      hospitals show a generally positive attitude towards using
                      most AI applications in medicine. Along with this optimism
                      comes several expectations and hopes that AI will assist
                      physicians in clinical decision making. Especially in fields
                      of medicine where huge amounts of data are processed (eg,
                      imaging procedures in radiology and pathology) or data are
                      collected continuously (eg, cardiology and intensive care
                      medicine), physicians’ expectations of AI to substantially
                      improve future patient care are high. In the study, the
                      greatest potential was seen in the application of AI for the
                      identification of drug interactions, assumedly due to the
                      rising complexity of drug administration to polymorbid,
                      polypharmacy patients. However, for the practical usage of
                      AI in health care, regulatory and organizational challenges
                      still have to be mastered.},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {5112 - Cross-Domain Algorithms, Tools, Methods Labs (ATMLs)
                      and Research Groups (POF4-511) / SMITH -
                      Medizininformatik-Konsortium (BMBF-01ZZ1803K)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5112 / G:(DE-82)BMBF-01ZZ1803K},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {33666563},
      UT           = {WOS:000625869900002},
      doi          = {10.2196/26646},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/893858},
}