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@ARTICLE{Schorn:893883,
      author       = {Schorn, Felix and Breuer, Janos L. and Samsun, Remzi Can
                      and Schnorbus, Thorsten and Heuser, Benedikt and Peters,
                      Ralf and Stolten, Detlef},
      title        = {{M}ethanol as a renewable energy carrier: {A}n assessment
                      of production and transportation costs for selected global
                      locations},
      journal      = {Advances in applied energy},
      volume       = {3},
      issn         = {2666-7924},
      address      = {[Amsterdam]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier ScienceDirect},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-02895},
      pages        = {100050 -},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {The importing of renewable energy will be one part of the
                      process of defossilizing the energy systems of countries and
                      regions, which are currently heavily dependent on the import
                      of fossil-based energy carriers. This study investigates the
                      possibility of importing renewable methanol comprised of
                      hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Based on a methanol synthesis
                      simulation model, the net production costs of methanol are
                      derived as a function of hydrogen and carbon dioxide
                      expenses. These findings enable a comparison of the import
                      costs of methanol and hydrogen. For this, the hydrogen
                      production and distribution costs for 2030 as reported in a
                      recent study for four different origin/destination country
                      combinations are considered. With the predicted hydrogen
                      production costs of 1.35–2 €/kg and additional shipping
                      costs, methanol can be imported for 370–600 €/t if
                      renewable or process-related carbon dioxide is available at
                      costs of 100 €/t or below in the hydrogen-producing
                      country. Compared to the current fossil market price of
                      approximately 400 €/t, renewable methanol could therefore
                      become cost-competitive. Within the range of carbon dioxide
                      prices of 30–100 €/t, both hydrogen and methanol exhibit
                      comparable energy-specific import costs of 18–30 €/GJ.
                      Hence, the additional costs for upgrading hydrogen to
                      methanol are balanced out by the lower shipping costs of
                      methanol compared to hydrogen. Lastly, a comparison for
                      producing methanol in the hydrogen's origin or destination
                      country indicates that carbon dioxide in the destination
                      country must be 181–228 €/t less expensive than that in
                      the origin country, to balance out the more expensive
                      shipping costs for hydrogen.},
      cin          = {IEK-14 / IEK-3},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-14-20191129 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-3-20101013},
      pnm          = {1232 - Power-based Fuels and Chemicals (POF4-123) / 1111 -
                      Effective System Transformation Pathways (POF4-111) / 1112 -
                      Societally Feasible Transformation Pathways (POF4-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1232 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1111 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001022693500011},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100050},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/893883},
}