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@INPROCEEDINGS{Rhoden:893989,
      author       = {Rhoden, Imke and Voit, Ann-Katrin},
      title        = {{C}hance in the challenge – {P}ositive environmental
                      externalities in the tourism sector through {C}ovid-19},
      school       = {FernUniversität in Hagen},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-02966},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Due to the spread of Covid-19, a global pandemic situation
                      has developed since December 2019, which has serious effects
                      on the various economic sectors. The tourism sector with
                      hotel, catering, transport, as well as secondary and
                      tertiary industries in particular are massively affected, as
                      the demand for tourism is very sensitive to crises (Fotiadis
                      et al, 2021, p. 2). Like an external shock, Covid-19 shows a
                      similar decline in demand for goods in the tourism sector as
                      can be observed as a result of wars and natural disasters
                      (Jin et al., 2021, p. 1).Contrasting the negative effects
                      caused by the pandemic, there also occur other externalities
                      which exhibit positive developments, especially from an
                      environmental point of view. Less travel also means that
                      less greenhouse gases (GHG) are emitted, less littering of
                      vacation areas can be observed, and the natural habitats of
                      animals recover through reduced tourism (Wieckowski, 2021,
                      p. 9).It turns out, however, that the positive externalities
                      on the environment cannot be observed to the same extent
                      across all countries and regions and are strongly influenced
                      by local tourism characteris-tics. Clusters and hot spots
                      can be observed that are experiencing a particularly
                      positive development, whereas other areas show less
                      improvement (Newsome, 2020, p. 2).To analyze the effects of
                      the European tourism sector on GHG emissions, we model
                      multiple indicators (e.g. personnel employed in the tourism
                      sector, number of nights spent at tourist accommodation
                      es-tablishments, etc.) together with indicators for general
                      economic activity and mobility. In a spatiotem-poral
                      approach, we are able to account explicitly for regional and
                      temporal autocorrelation and thus extracting these effects
                      from the residuals. Additionally, we introduce the external
                      shock of the pan-demic as further additive factor in the
                      model. The model allows estimating the impact of the tourism
                      sector on GHG emissions, distinguishing them from effects of
                      the general economic development. We can furthermore
                      identify in which regions additional factors seem to affect
                      GHG emissions, thus illus-trating hotspots of GHG emission
                      reduction created by a reduction in activity also beyond the
                      tourism sector.According to Coase’s theory of
                      internalization, tangible solution mechanisms are to be
                      worked out that enable cost-benefit considerations. Which
                      region can achieve the highest level of positive
                      environmen-tal development at which costs? Should a
                      redistribution mechanism take place here in order to achieve
                      an overall improvement of the environment, whereby
                      individual regions internalize less from an eco-nomic point
                      of view due to higher costs and support other regions that
                      can exploit high potential for improvement with the use of
                      fewer monetary resources?Ultimately, classic tax solutions
                      such as an environmental tax or tourism tax are to be
                      compared with a negotiated solution based on pollution
                      certificates as a solution mechanism. This is intended to
                      weigh up the efficiency of the two methods.},
      month         = {May},
      date          = {2021-05-25},
      organization  = {Workshop on Global Economic Studies,
                       Hagen (Germany), 25 May 2021 - 26 May
                       2021},
      subtyp        = {After Call},
      cin          = {IEK-STE},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013},
      pnm          = {1112 - Societally Feasible Transformation Pathways
                      (POF4-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)6},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/893989},
}