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@ARTICLE{Fadnavis:894108,
      author       = {Fadnavis, Suvarna and Sabin, T. P. and Rap, Alexandru and
                      Müller, Rolf and Kubin, Anne and Heinold, Bernd},
      title        = {{T}he impact of {COVID}-19 lockdown measures on the
                      {I}ndian summer monsoon},
      journal      = {Environmental research letters},
      volume       = {16},
      number       = {7},
      issn         = {1748-9326},
      address      = {Bristol},
      publisher    = {IOP Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-03043},
      pages        = {074054 -},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Aerosol concentrations over Asia play a key role in
                      modulating the Indian summer monsoon (ISM)rainfall. Lockdown
                      measures imposed to prevent the spread of the COVID-19
                      pandemic led tosubstantial reductions in observed Asian
                      aerosol loadings. Here, we use bottom-up estimates
                      ofanthropogenic emissions based on national mobility data
                      from Google and Apple, along withsimulations from the
                      ECHAM6-HAMMOZ state-of-the-art aerosol-chemistry-climate
                      model toinvestigate the impact of the reduced aerosol and
                      gases pollution loadings on the ISM. We showthat the
                      decrease in anthropogenic emissions led to a 4 W m−2
                      increase in surface solar radiationover parts of South Asia,
                      which resulted in a strengthening of the ISM.
                      Simultaneously, whilenatural emission parameterizations are
                      kept the same in all our simulations, the
                      anthropogenicemission reduction led to changes in the
                      atmospheric circulation, causing accumulation of dustover
                      the Tibetan plateau (TP) during the pre-monsoon and monsoon
                      seasons. This accumulateddust has intensified the warm core
                      over the TP that reinforced the intensification of the
                      Hadleycirculation. The associated cross-equatorial moisture
                      influx over the Indian landmass led to anenhanced amount of
                      rainfall by $4\%$ (0.2 mm d−1) over the Indian landmass
                      and $5\%–15\%(0.8–3$ mm d−1 ) over central India.
                      These estimates may vary under the influence of
                      large-scalecoupled atmosphere–ocean oscillations (e.g. El
                      Nino Southern Oscillation, Indian Ocean Dipole).Our study
                      indicates that the reduced anthropogenic emissions caused by
                      the unprecedentedCOVID-19 restrictions had a favourable
                      effect on the hydrological cycle over South Asia, which
                      hasbeen facing water scarcity during the past decades. This
                      emphasizes the need for stringentmeasures to limit future
                      anthropogenic emissions in South Asia for protecting one of
                      the world’smost densely populated regions.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {690},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {2112 - Climate Feedbacks (POF4-211)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000673142300001},
      doi          = {10.1088/1748-9326/ac109c},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/894108},
}