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@ARTICLE{Kloss:894309,
      author       = {Kloss, Corinna and Sellitto, Pasquale and von Hobe, Marc
                      and Berthet, Gwenaël and Smale, Dan and Krysztofiak,
                      Gisèle and Xue, Chaoyang and Qiu, Chenxi and Jégou,
                      Fabrice and Ouerghemmi, Inès and Legras, Bernard},
      title        = {{A}ustralian {F}ires 2019–2020: {T}ropospheric and
                      {S}tratospheric {P}ollution {T}hroughout the {W}hole {F}ire
                      {S}eason},
      journal      = {Frontiers in Environmental Science},
      volume       = {9},
      issn         = {2296-665X},
      address      = {Lausanne},
      publisher    = {Frontiers Media},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-03169},
      pages        = {652024},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {The historically large and severe wildfires in Australia
                      from September 2019 to March 2020 are known to have injected
                      a smoke plume into the stratosphere around New Year, due to
                      pyro-cumulonimbus (pyro-Cb) activity, that was subsequently
                      distributed throughout the Southern Hemisphere (SH). We show
                      with satellite, ground based remote sensing, and in situ
                      observations that the fires before New Year, had already a
                      substantial impact on the SH atmosphere, starting as early
                      as September 2019, with subsequent long-range transport of
                      trace gas plumes in the upper-troposphere. Airborne in situ
                      measurements above Southern Argentina in November 2019 show
                      elevated CO mixing ratios at an altitude of 11 km and can be
                      traced back using FLEXPART trajectories to the Australian
                      fires in mid-November 2019. Ground based solar-FTS (Fourier
                      Transform Spectroscopy) observations of biomass burning
                      tracers CO, HCN and C2H6 at Lauder, South Island, New
                      Zealand show enhanced tropospheric columns already starting
                      in September 2019. In MLS observations averaged over
                      30°–60°S, enhanced CO mixing ratios compared to previous
                      years become visible in late October 2019 only at and below
                      the 147 hPa pressure level. Peak differences are found with
                      satellite and ground-based observations for all altitude
                      levels in the Southern Hemisphere in January. With still
                      increased aerosol values following the Ulawun eruption in
                      2019, averaged satellite observations show no clear
                      stratospheric and upper-tropospheric aerosol enhancements
                      from the Australian fires, before the pyro-Cb events at the
                      end of December 2019. However, with the clear enhancement of
                      fire tracers, we suggest the period September to December
                      2019 (prior to the major pyro-Cb events) should be taken
                      into account in terms of fire pollutant emissions when
                      studying the impact of the Australian fires on the SH
                      atmosphere.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {2112 - Climate Feedbacks (POF4-211)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000679000100001},
      doi          = {10.3389/fenvs.2021.652024},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/894309},
}