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@ARTICLE{Raumann:894451,
      author       = {Raumann, L. and Coenen, J. W. and Riesch, J. and Mao, Y.
                      and Schwalenberg, D. and Wegener, T. and Gietl, H. and
                      Höschen, T. and Linsmeier, Ch. and Guillon, O.},
      title        = {{M}odeling and experimental validation of a {W} f
                      /{W}-fabrication by chemical vapor deposition and
                      infiltration},
      journal      = {Nuclear materials and energy},
      volume       = {28},
      issn         = {2352-1791},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-03230},
      pages        = {101048},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Tungsten (W) has a unique combination of excellent thermal
                      properties, low sputter yield, low hydrogen retention, and
                      acceptable activation. Therefore, W is presently the main
                      candidate for the first wall material in future fusion
                      devices. However, its intrinsic brittleness and its further
                      embrittlement during operation bears the risk of a sudden
                      and catastrophic component failure. As a countermeasure,
                      tungsten fiber-reinforced tungsten (Wf/W) with extrinsic
                      toughening is being developed. A possible synthesis route is
                      chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using heated W fabrics as
                      substrate. The challenge is that the growing CVD-W can
                      isolate domains from precursor access leading to
                      strength-reducing pores. To deepen the process understanding
                      and to optimize the CVD parameters, models were developed
                      with COMSOL Multiphysics and validated experimentally. W
                      deposition rate equations as function of the temperature and
                      the partial pressures of the precursors H2 and WF6 were
                      experimentally validated in previous work. In the present
                      article, these equations are applied to obtain partial
                      pressures within the CVD reactor. The results are taken as
                      input for transient simulations in the microscale, in which
                      W coatings, growing onto multiple adjacent W fibers, were
                      simulated via mesh deformation and remeshing. The
                      surface-to-surface contact of the W coatings and the
                      corresponding potential pore formation were simulated by
                      implementing sophisticated deposition rate stop conditions.
                      Within the measuring uncertainties of $1\%,$ the models are
                      validated successfully by experimental comparison regarding
                      the deposition rate, pore structure, and relative densities
                      ranging from 0.6 to 0.9.},
      cin          = {IEK-4},
      ddc          = {624},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013},
      pnm          = {1232 - Power-based Fuels and Chemicals (POF4-123) /
                      EUROfusion - Implementation of activities described in the
                      Roadmap to Fusion during Horizon 2020 through a Joint
                      programme of the members of the EUROfusion consortium
                      (633053)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1232 / G:(EU-Grant)633053},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000691545700003},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.nme.2021.101048},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/894451},
}