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@ARTICLE{Morgenthaler:894611,
      author       = {Morgenthaler, Simon and Dünzen, Justus and Stadler, Ingo
                      and Witthaut, Dirk},
      title        = {{T}hree stages in the co-transformation of the energy and
                      mobility sectors},
      journal      = {Renewable $\&$ sustainable energy reviews},
      volume       = {150},
      issn         = {1364-0321},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-03308},
      pages        = {111494},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Renewable electricity sources such as wind and solar power
                      have shown a remarkable development in terms of efficiency,
                      costs and availability, but system integration still remains
                      a challenge. Realizing a fully renewable electricity supply
                      will require large scale storage technologies and flexible
                      users to overcome long periods of low power generation. At
                      the same time, other sectors such as mobility and industry
                      must be electrified to replace fossil fuels.
                      Power-to-methane is a promising technology as it enables
                      large-scale energy storage and sector coupling using
                      existing infrastructures. In this work, we analyze the
                      co-transformation of the German electricity, mobility and
                      industry sectors, taking into account the recent decision to
                      phase out coal by 2038. We evaluate the necessary capacities
                      of renewables and sizes for storage options, as well as
                      system costs and associated emissions using a
                      techno-economic optimization model with a high technological
                      and temporal resolution in the open-source framework
                      OSeMOSYS. We find three rather different stages of the
                      transformation driven by the decreasing emissions cap and
                      the coal phase-out. Solar power is expanded vastly up to
                      2030, whilst coal is replaced mainly by fossil natural gas
                      by 2040. Emissions caps become very challenging after 2040
                      to the extent that all flexibility options are greatly
                      expanded: storage, curtailment and flexible
                      power-to-methane.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013},
      pnm          = {1112 - Societally Feasible Transformation Pathways
                      (POF4-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000701290700003},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.rser.2021.111494},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/894611},
}