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@ARTICLE{Brmann:894630,
      author       = {Bärmann, Peer and Mohrhardt, Marvin and Frerichs, Joop
                      Enno and Helling, Malina and Kolesnikov, Aleksei and
                      Klabunde, Sina and Nowak, Sascha and Hansen, Michael Ryan
                      and Winter, Martin and Placke, Tobias},
      title        = {{M}echanistic {I}nsights into the {P}re‐{L}ithiation of
                      {S}ilicon/{G}raphite {N}egative {E}lectrodes in “{D}ry
                      {S}tate” and {A}fter {E}lectrolyte {A}ddition {U}sing
                      {P}assivated {L}ithium {M}etal {P}owder},
      journal      = {Advanced energy materials},
      volume       = {11},
      number       = {25},
      issn         = {1614-6840},
      address      = {Weinheim},
      publisher    = {Wiley-VCH},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-03326},
      pages        = {2100925},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Because of its high specific capacity, silicon is regarded
                      as the most promising candidate to be incrementally added to
                      graphite-based negative electrodes in lithium-ion batteries.
                      However, silicon suffers from significant volume changes
                      upon (de-)lithiation leading to continuous re-formation of
                      the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and ongoing active
                      lithium losses. One prominent approach to compensate for
                      active lithium losses is pre-lithiation. Here, the
                      “contact pre-lithiation” of silicon/graphite (Si/Gr)
                      negative electrodes in direct contact with passivated Li
                      metal powder (PLMP) is studied, focusing on the
                      pre-lithiation mechanism in “dry state” and after
                      electrolyte addition. PLMP is pressed onto the electrode
                      surface to precisely adjust the degree of pre-lithiation
                      $(25\%,$ $50\%,$ and $75\%).$ By in situ XRD and ex situ 7Li
                      NMR studies, it is proven that significant lithiation of
                      Si/Gr electrodes occurs by direct contact to Li metal, that
                      is, without electrolyte. After electrolyte addition,
                      de-lithiation of silicon and graphite is confirmed,
                      resulting in SEI formation. The amount of Li metal highly
                      impacts the presence and durability of the LixC and LixSi
                      phases. Finally, the challenges for homogeneous
                      pre-lithiation and SEI formation are identified, and the
                      impact of electrolyte addition is assessed by analysis of
                      the lateral and in-depth lithium distribution within the
                      Si/Gr electrode.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {050},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {1221 - Fundamentals and Materials (POF4-122) / SeNSE -
                      Lithium-ion battery with silicon anode, nickel-rich cathode
                      and in-cell sensor for electric vehicles (875548)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1221 / G:(EU-Grant)875548},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000649969200001},
      doi          = {10.1002/aenm.202100925},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/894630},
}