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@PHDTHESIS{Geoerg:894917,
      author       = {Geoerg, Paul},
      title        = {{T}he {I}nfluence of {I}ndividual {C}haracteristics on
                      {C}rowd {D}ynamics},
      volume       = {46},
      school       = {Universität Wuppertal},
      type         = {Dissertation},
      address      = {Jülich},
      publisher    = {Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Zentralbibliothek, Verlag},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-03479},
      isbn         = {978-3-95806-561-1},
      series       = {Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich. IAS Series},
      pages        = {xiv, 211 S.},
      year         = {2021},
      note         = {Universität Wuppertal, Diss., 2021},
      abstract     = {Adequately dimensioned egress routes are important for
                      designing safe buildings. However,their capacity analysis is
                      usually based on studies under controlled conditions with
                      populations defined by homogeneous movement characteristics.
                      As a consequence, the nowadays increasing proportions of
                      older people or persons with disabilities are not taken into
                      account in these studies. As a result, these groups are not
                      considered in functional relationships of pedestrian
                      movement and therefore an issue for crowd dynamics analysis.
                      Thus, there is a need to provide valid engineering egress
                      data considering heterogeneous crowds, i.e. with older
                      people and persons with disabilities. In this sense, this
                      doctoral thesis introduces empirical insights into movement
                      characteristics of crowds with different conditions of
                      heterogeneity to estimate the influence of individual
                      movement characteristics on key performance values, e.g.
                      like speeds or flow rates. Therefore a series of studies
                      were conducted in corridor and bottleneck situations with
                      about $10\%$ of participants with various disabilities and
                      different assistive devices. These studies comprised ten to
                      80 participants and focused on the analysis of unimpeded
                      speed, the individual time gap and the specific flow concept
                      as well as the speed-density-relations and
                      flow-density-relations. First, the unimpeded speed in the
                      horizontal motion and its dependency on individual
                      characteristics was determined. Second, an influence on gaps
                      between participants and effects on the specific flow in
                      different conditions of crowd heterogeneity was assessed.
                      Third, empirical speed-density- and flow-density-relations
                      were analysed to perform a capacity analysis. As a result,
                      the diversity of individual characteristics strongly
                      affected the local stationarity of the measures of
                      individual velocity, density and flow rate, the dependency
                      between density and movement speed or flow as well as
                      increased the rate of interpersonal interactions. To
                      integrate these results into egress calculation methods, a
                      new analysis concept was established. Its four steps are:
                      first, the consideration of an extended range of individual
                      preparation times to start egress activities; second, an
                      extended variation in distributed individual speeds; third,
                      an adoption of empirical relations and fourth, an estimation
                      of the flow rate based on scattered individual time gaps.
                      Thus, this proposed concept allows the consideration of
                      individual, heterogeneous abilities for participation in
                      egress calculation methods.},
      cin          = {IAS-7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-7-20180321},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)3 / PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/894917},
}