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@ARTICLE{Kockel:897412,
      author       = {Kockel, Christina and Nolting, Lars and Goldbeck, Rafael
                      and Wulf, Christina and De Doncker, Rik W. and Praktiknjo,
                      Aaron},
      title        = {{A} scalable life cycle assessment of alternating and
                      direct current microgrids in office buildings},
      journal      = {Applied energy},
      volume       = {305},
      issn         = {0306-2619},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-03776},
      pages        = {117878 -},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Microgrids integrating local renewable energy sources at
                      low-voltage level show promising potentials in realizing a
                      reliable, efficient, and clean supply of electricity.
                      Further improvements are expected when such a microgrid is
                      operated on direct current (dc) instead of alternating
                      current (ac) infrastructure for power distribution commonly
                      in use today. Our study aims to systemically quantify the
                      gap between environmental impacts of microgrids at building
                      level using the case study of power distribution within
                      office buildings. For this purpose, a scalable comparative
                      life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted based on a
                      technical bottom-up analysis of differences between ac and
                      dc microgrids. Particularly, our approach combines the
                      assessment of required power electronic components on a
                      micro-level with the macro-level requirements for daily
                      operation derived from a generic grid model. The results
                      indicate that the environmental impacts of employed power
                      electronics are substantially reduced by operating a
                      microgrid based on dc power distribution infrastructure. Our
                      sensitivity analyses show that efficient dc microgrids
                      particularly lead to savings in climate change impact
                      emissions. In addition, our study shows that the scaling of
                      power electronics as it is currently state of the art in
                      LCAs leads to inaccurate results. Therefore, our developed
                      method applies a more technical approach, which enables a
                      detailed analysis of the environmental impacts of power
                      electronic components at system level. Thus, it lays the
                      foundation for an evaluation criterion for a comprehensive
                      assessment of technological changes within the framework of
                      energy policy objectives.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013},
      pnm          = {1112 - Societally Feasible Transformation Pathways
                      (POF4-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000707887700001},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117878},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/897412},
}