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@ARTICLE{Hsu:901818,
      author       = {Hsu, Hao and Silveri, Matti and Sevriuk, Vasilii and
                      Möttönen, Mikko and Catelani, Gianluigi},
      title        = {{C}harge dynamics in quantum-circuit refrigeration:
                      {T}hermalization and microwave gain},
      journal      = {AVS Quantum Science},
      volume       = {3},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {2639-0213},
      address      = {[Melville, NY]},
      publisher    = {AIP Publishing},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-03842},
      pages        = {042001 -},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Previous studies of photon-assisted tunneling through
                      normal-metal–insulator–superconductor junctions have
                      exhibited potential for providing a convenient tool to
                      control the dissipation of quantum-electric circuits in
                      situ. However, the current literature on such a
                      quantum-circuit refrigerator (QCR) does not present a
                      detailed description for the charge dynamics of the
                      tunneling processes or the phase coherence of the open
                      quantum system. Here, we derive a master equation describing
                      both quantum-electric and charge degrees of freedom, and
                      discover that typical experimental parameters of low
                      temperature and yet lower charging energy yield a separation
                      of time scales for the charge and quantum dynamics.
                      Consequently, the minor effect of the different charge
                      states can be taken into account by averaging over the
                      charge distribution. We also consider applying an ac voltage
                      to the tunnel junction, which enables control of the decay
                      rate of a superconducting qubit over four orders of
                      magnitude by changing the drive amplitude; we find an
                      order-of-magnitude drop in the qubit excitation in 40 ns
                      and a residual reset infidelity below 10−4. Furthermore,
                      for the normal island, we consider the case of charging
                      energy and single-particle level spacing large compared to
                      the superconducting gap, i.e., a quantum dot. Although the
                      decay rates arising from such a dot QCR appear low for use
                      in qubit reset, the device can provide effective negative
                      damping (gain) to the coupled microwave resonator. The Fano
                      factor of such a millikelvin microwave source may be smaller
                      than unity, with the latter value being reached close to the
                      maximum attainable power.},
      cin          = {PGI-11},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)PGI-11-20170113},
      pnm          = {5221 - Advanced Solid-State Qubits and Qubit Systems
                      (POF4-522)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5221},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001135624300002},
      doi          = {10.1116/5.0062868},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/901818},
}