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@ARTICLE{Knig:901997,
      author       = {König, Nils and Wetzel, Gerald and Höpfner, Michael and
                      Friedl-Vallon, Felix and Johansson, Sören and Kleinert,
                      Anne and Schneider, Matthias and Ertl, Benjamin and
                      Ungermann, Jörn},
      title        = {{R}etrieval of {W}ater {V}apour {P}rofiles from {GLORIA}
                      {N}adir {O}bservations},
      journal      = {Remote sensing},
      volume       = {13},
      number       = {18},
      issn         = {2072-4292},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-03963},
      pages        = {3675 -},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {We present the first analysis of water vapour profiles
                      derived from nadir measurements by the infrared imaging
                      Fourier transform spectrometer GLORIA (Gimballed Limb
                      Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere). The
                      measurements were performed on 27 September 2017, during the
                      WISE (Wave driven ISentropic Exchange) campaign aboard the
                      HALO aircraft over the North Atlantic in an area between
                      37°–50°N and 20°–28°W. From each nadir recording of
                      the 2-D imaging spectrometer, the spectral radiances of all
                      non-cloudy pixels have been averaged after application of a
                      newly developed cloud filter. From these mid-infrared nadir
                      spectra, vertical profiles of H2O have been retrieved with a
                      vertical resolution corresponding to five degrees of freedom
                      below the aircraft. Uncertainties in radiometric
                      calibration, temperature and spectroscopy have been
                      identified as dominating error sources. Comparing retrievals
                      resulting from two different a priori assumptions (constant
                      exponential vs. ERA 5 reanalysis data) revealed parts of the
                      flight where the observations clearly show inconsistencies
                      with the ERA 5 water vapour fields. Further, a water vapour
                      inversion at around 6 km altitude could be identified in the
                      nadir retrievals and confirmed by a nearby radiosonde
                      ascent. An intercomparison of multiple water vapour profiles
                      from GLORIA in nadir and limb observational modes, IASI
                      (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) satellite
                      data from two different retrieval processors, and radiosonde
                      measurements shows a broad consistency between the profiles.
                      The comparison shows how fine vertical structures are
                      represented by nadir sounders as well as the influence of a
                      priori information on the retrievals},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {2112 - Climate Feedbacks (POF4-211) / 2A3 - Remote Sensing
                      (CARF - CCA) (POF4-2A3)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2112 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2A3},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000700093100001},
      doi          = {10.3390/rs13183675},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/901997},
}