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@ARTICLE{Gerkin:902048,
      author       = {Gerkin, Richard C and Ohla, Kathrin and Veldhuizen, Maria G
                      and Joseph, Paule V and Kelly, Christine E and Bakke, Alyssa
                      J and Steele, Kimberley E and Farruggia, Michael C and
                      Pellegrino, Robert and Pepino, Marta Y and Bouysset, Cédric
                      and Soler, Graciela M and Pereda-Loth, Veronica and
                      Dibattista, Michele and Cooper, Keiland W and Croijmans,
                      Ilja and Di Pizio, Antonella and Ozdener, Mehmet Hakan and
                      Fjaeldstad, Alexander W and Lin, Cailu and Sandell, Mari A
                      and Singh, Preet B and Brindha, V Evelyn and Olsson, Shannon
                      B and Saraiva, Luis R and Ahuja, Gaurav and Alwashahi,
                      Mohammed K and Bhutani, Surabhi and D’Errico, Anna and
                      Fornazieri, Marco A and Golebiowski, Jérôme and Dar Hwang,
                      Liang and Öztürk, Lina and Roura, Eugeni and Spinelli,
                      Sara and Whitcroft, Katherine L and Faraji, Farhoud and
                      Fischmeister, Florian Ph S and Heinbockel, Thomas and Hsieh,
                      Julien W and Huart, Caroline and Konstantinidis, Iordanis
                      and Menini, Anna and Morini, Gabriella and Olofsson, Jonas K
                      and Philpott, Carl M and Pierron, Denis and Shields, Vonnie
                      D C and Voznessenskaya, Vera V and Albayay, Javier and
                      Altundag, Aytug and Bensafi, Moustafa and Bock, María
                      Adelaida and Calcinoni, Orietta and Fredborg, William and
                      Laudamiel, Christophe and Lim, Juyun and Lundström, Johan N
                      and Macchi, Alberto and Meyer, Pablo and Moein, Shima T and
                      Santamaría, Enrique and Sengupta, Debarka and Rohlfs
                      Dominguez, Paloma and Yanik, Hüseyin and Hummel, Thomas and
                      Hayes, John E and Reed, Danielle R and Niv, Masha Y and
                      Munger, Steven D and Parma, Valentina and Boesveldt, Sanne
                      and de Groot, Jasper H B and Dinnella, Caterina and
                      Freiherr, Jessica and Laktionova, Tatiana and Marino,
                      Sajidxa and Monteleone, Erminio and Nunez-Parra, Alexia and
                      Abdulrahman, Olagunju and Ritchie, Marina and
                      Thomas-Danguin, Thierry and Walsh-Messinger, Julie and Al
                      Abri, Rashid and Alizadeh, Rafieh and Bignon, Emmanuelle and
                      Cantone, Elena and Paola Cecchini, Maria and Chen, Jingguo
                      and Dolors Guàrdia, Maria and Hoover, Kara C and Karni,
                      Noam and Navarro, Marta and Nolden, Alissa A and Portillo
                      Mazal, Patricia and Rowan, Nicholas R and Sarabi-Jamab,
                      Atiye and Archer, Nicholas S and Chen, Ben and Di Valerio,
                      Elizabeth A and Feeney, Emma L and Frasnelli, Johannes and
                      Hannum, Mackenzie E and Hopkins, Claire and Klein, Hadar and
                      Mignot, Coralie and Mucignat, Carla and Ning, Yuping and
                      Ozturk, Elif E and Peng, Mei and Saatci, Ozlem and Sell,
                      Elizabeth A and Yan, Carol H and Alfaro, Raul and Cecchetto,
                      Cinzia and Coureaud, Gérard and Herriman, Riley D and
                      Justice, Jeb M and Kaushik, Pavan Kumar and Koyama, Sachiko
                      and Overdevest, Jonathan B and Pirastu, Nicola and Ramirez,
                      Vicente A and Roberts, S Craig and Smith, Barry C and Cao,
                      Hongyuan and Wang, Hong and Balungwe Birindwa, Patrick and
                      Baguma, Marius},
      title        = {{R}ecent {S}mell {L}oss {I}s the {B}est {P}redictor of
                      {COVID}-19 {A}mong {I}ndividuals {W}ith {R}ecent
                      {R}espiratory {S}ymptoms},
      journal      = {Chemical senses},
      volume       = {46},
      issn         = {1464-3553},
      address      = {Oxford},
      publisher    = {Oxford Univ. Press},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-03996},
      pages        = {bjaa081},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {In a preregistered, cross-sectional study, we investigated
                      whether olfactory loss is a reliable predictor of COVID-19
                      using a crowdsourced questionnaire in 23 languages to assess
                      symptoms in individuals self-reporting recent respiratory
                      illness. We quantified changes in chemosensory abilities
                      during the course of the respiratory illness using 0–100
                      visual analog scales (VAS) for participants reporting a
                      positive (C19+; n = 4148) or negative (C19−; n = 546)
                      COVID-19 laboratory test outcome. Logistic regression models
                      identified univariate and multivariate predictors of
                      COVID-19 status and post-COVID-19 olfactory recovery. Both
                      C19+ and C19− groups exhibited smell loss, but it was
                      significantly larger in C19+ participants (mean ± SD, C19+:
                      −82.5 ± 27.2 points; C19−: −59.8 ± 37.7). Smell loss
                      during illness was the best predictor of COVID-19 in both
                      univariate and multivariate models (ROC AUC = 0.72).
                      Additional variables provide negligible model improvement.
                      VAS ratings of smell loss were more predictive than binary
                      chemosensory yes/no-questions or other cardinal symptoms
                      (e.g., fever). Olfactory recovery within 40 days of
                      respiratory symptom onset was reported for $~50\%$ of
                      participants and was best predicted by time since
                      respiratory symptom onset. We find that quantified smell
                      loss is the best predictor of COVID-19 amongst those with
                      symptoms of respiratory illness. To aid clinicians and
                      contact tracers in identifying individuals with a high
                      likelihood of having COVID-19, we propose a novel 0–10
                      scale to screen for recent olfactory loss, the ODoR-19. We
                      find that numeric ratings ≤2 indicate high odds of
                      symptomatic COVID-19 (4 < OR < 10). Once independently
                      validated, this tool could be deployed when viral lab tests
                      are impractical or unavailable.},
      cin          = {INM-3},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-3-20090406},
      pnm          = {5251 - Multilevel Brain Organization and Variability
                      (POF4-525)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5251},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:33367502},
      UT           = {WOS:000645030100001},
      doi          = {10.1093/chemse/bjaa081},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/902048},
}