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@ARTICLE{Meixner:902250,
      author       = {Meixner, Marco and Foerst, Petra and Windt, Carel W.},
      title        = {{R}educed spatial resolution {MRI} suffices to image and
                      quantify drought induced embolism formation in trees},
      journal      = {Plant methods},
      volume       = {17},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {1746-4811},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {BioMed Central},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-04120},
      pages        = {38},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {BackgroundMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is uniquely
                      suited to non-invasively and continuously monitor embolism
                      formation in trees. Depending on the MRI method used,
                      quantitative parameter maps of water content and MRI signal
                      relaxation behavior can be generated. The ability to measure
                      dynamic differences in water content and relaxation behavior
                      can be used to detect xylem embolism formation, even if
                      xylem conduits are too small to be spatially resolved. This
                      is especially advantageous when using affordable small-scale
                      low-field MRI scanners. The amount of signal that can be
                      obtained from an object strongly depends on the strength of
                      the magnetic field of the imager’s magnet. Imaging at
                      lower resolutions thus would allow to reduce the cost, size
                      and weight of the MRI scanner and to shorten image
                      acquisition times.ResultsWe investigated how much spatial
                      resolution can be sacrificed without losing the ability to
                      monitor embolism formation in coniferous softwood (spruce,
                      Picea abies) and diffuse porous beech (Fagus sylvatica).
                      Saplings of both species were bench dehydrated, while they
                      were continuously imaged at stepwise decreasing spatial
                      resolutions. Imaging was done by means of a small-scale MRI
                      device, utilizing image matrix sizes of 128 × 128,
                      64 × 64 and 32 × 32 pixels at a constant FOV of 19
                      and 23 mm, respectively. While images at the lowest
                      resolutions (pixel sizes 0.59 × 0.59 mm and
                      0.72 × 0.72 mm) were no longer sufficient to resolve
                      finer details of the stem anatomy, they did permit an
                      approximate localization of embolism formation and the
                      generation of accurate vulnerability curves.ConclusionsWhen
                      using MRI, spatial resolution can be sacrificed without
                      losing the ability to visualize and quantify embolism
                      formation. Imaging at lower spatial resolution to monitor
                      embolism formation has two advantages. Firstly, the
                      acquisition time per image can be reduced dramatically. This
                      enables continuous imaging at high time resolution, which
                      may be beneficial to monitor rapid dynamics of embolism
                      formation. Secondly, if the requirements for spatial
                      resolution are relaxed, much simpler MRI devices can be
                      used. This has the potential to make non-invasive MR imaging
                      of embolism formation much more affordable and more widely
                      available.},
      cin          = {IBG-2},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-2-20101118},
      pnm          = {2171 - Biological and environmental resources for
                      sustainable use (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2171},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {33823898},
      UT           = {WOS:000637504700001},
      doi          = {10.1186/s13007-021-00732-7},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/902250},
}