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@ARTICLE{Siebers:902251,
      author       = {Siebers, Nina and Wang, Liming and Funk, Theresa and von
                      Tucher, Sabine and Merbach, Ines and Schweitzer, Kathlin and
                      Kruse, Jens},
      title        = {{S}ubsoils—a sink for excess fertilizer {P} but a minor
                      contribution to {P} plant nutrition: evidence from long-term
                      fertilization trials},
      journal      = {Environmental sciences Europe},
      volume       = {33},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2190-4715},
      address      = {Heidelberg},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-04121},
      pages        = {60},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {BackgroundThe phosphorus (P) stocks of arable subsoils not
                      only influence crop production but also fertilizer P
                      sequestration. However, the extent of this influence is
                      largely unknown. This study aimed to (i) determine the
                      extent of P sequestration with soil depth, (ii) analyze P
                      speciation after long-term P fertilization, and (iii)
                      compare soil P tests in predicting crop yields. We analyzed
                      four long-term fertilizer trials in Germany to a depth of 90
                      cm. Treatments received either mineral or organic P, or a
                      combination of both, for 16 to 113 years. We determined
                      inorganic and organic P pools using sequential extraction,
                      and P speciation using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
                      and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES)
                      spectroscopy. In addition, we applied three P soil tests,
                      double-lactate (DL), calcium acetate lactate (CAL), and
                      diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT).ResultsThe results
                      suggested that plants are capable of mobilizing P from
                      deeper soil layers when there is a negative P budget of the
                      topsoil. However, fertilization mostly only showed
                      insignificant effects on P pools, which were most pronounced
                      in the topsoil, with a 1.6- to 4.4-fold increase in labile
                      inorganic P (Pi; resin-P, NaHCO3–Pi) after mineral
                      fertilization and a 0- to 1.9-fold increase of organic P
                      (Po; NaHCO3–Po, NaOH–Po) after organic P fertilization.
                      The differences in Po and Pi speciation were mainly
                      controlled by site-specific factors, e.g., soil properties
                      or soil management practice rather than by fertilization.
                      When modeling crop yield response using the Mitscherlich
                      equation, we obtained the highest R2 (R2 = 0.61,
                      P < 0.001) among the soil P tests when using topsoil
                      PDGT. However, the fit became less pronounced when
                      incorporating the subsoil.ConclusionWe conclude that if the
                      soil has a good P supply, the majority of P taken up by
                      plants originates from the topsoil and that the DGT method
                      is a mechanistic surrogate of P plant uptake. Thus, DGT is a
                      basis for optimization of P fertilizer recommendation to add
                      as much P fertilizer as required to sustain crop yields but
                      as low as necessary to prevent harmful P leaching of excess
                      fertilizer P.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001427601200001},
      doi          = {10.1186/s12302-021-00496-w},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/902251},
}