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@ARTICLE{Boccadoro:902351,
      author       = {Boccadoro, Sara and Wagels, Lisa and Henn, Alina Theresa
                      and Hüpen, Philippa and Graben, Lia and Raine, Adrian and
                      Neuner, Irene},
      title        = {{P}roactive vs. {R}eactive {A}ggression {W}ithin {T}wo
                      {M}odified {V}ersions of the {T}aylor {A}ggression
                      {P}aradigm},
      journal      = {Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience},
      volume       = {15},
      issn         = {1662-5153},
      address      = {Lausanne},
      publisher    = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-04200},
      pages        = {749041},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {The Taylor Aggression Paradigm (TAP) has been widely used
                      to measure reactive aggression following provocation during
                      competitive interactions. Besides being reactive, aggression
                      can be goal-directed (proactive aggression). Our study
                      presents a novel paradigm to investigate proactive
                      aggression during competitive interactions. Sixty-seven
                      healthy participants competed in two modified versions of
                      the TAP against an ostensible opponent while skin
                      conductance responses (SCRs) were recorded. During the
                      proactive TAP (pTAP), only the participant could interfere
                      with the ostensible opponent’s performance by blurring the
                      screen. In the reactive TAP (rTAP), the opponent repeatedly
                      provoked the participant by blurring the screen of the
                      participant, impeding their chance to win. In both versions,
                      the blurriness levels chosen by the participant served as a
                      measure of aggression (unprovoked in the pTAP and provoked
                      in the rTAP). In the pTAP, trial-by-trial mixed model
                      analyses revealed higher aggression with higher
                      self-reported selfishness. SCRs decreased with increasing
                      proactive aggression. An interaction effect between gender
                      and proactive aggression for the SCRs revealed increased
                      SCRs at higher aggression levels in females, but lower SCRs
                      at higher aggression levels in males. In the rTAP, SCRs were
                      not associated with reactive aggression but aggression
                      increased with increasing provocation and especially after
                      losing against the opponent when provoked. While males
                      showed higher aggression levels than females when
                      unprovoked, reactive aggression increased more strongly in
                      females with higher provocation. Mean levels of aggression
                      in both tasks showed a high positive correlation. Our
                      results highlight that, despite being intercorrelated and
                      both motivated by selfishness, proactive and reactive
                      aggression are differentially influenced by gender and
                      physiological arousal. Proactive aggression is related to
                      lower physiological arousal, especially in males, with
                      females showing the opposite association. Reactive
                      aggressive behavior is a result of individual responses to
                      provocation, to which females seem to be more sensitive.},
      cin          = {INM-4 / INM-10 / JARA-BRAIN},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-4-20090406 / I:(DE-Juel1)INM-10-20170113 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)VDB1046},
      pnm          = {5253 - Neuroimaging (POF4-525)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5253},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {34658808},
      UT           = {WOS:000721598300001},
      doi          = {10.3389/fnbeh.2021.749041},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/902351},
}