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@ARTICLE{Kumar:902392,
      author       = {Kumar, Vinod and Remmers, Julia and Beirle, Steffen and
                      Fallmann, Joachim and Kerkweg, Astrid and Lelieveld, Jos and
                      Mertens, Mariano and Pozzer, Andrea and Steil, Benedikt and
                      Barra, Marc and Tost, Holger and Wagner, Thomas},
      title        = {{E}valuation of the coupled high-resolution atmospheric
                      chemistry model system {MECO}(n) using in situ and
                      {MAX}-{DOAS} ${NO}\<sub\>2\</sub\>$ measurements},
      journal      = {Atmospheric measurement techniques},
      volume       = {14},
      number       = {7},
      issn         = {1867-8548},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {Copernicus},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-04226},
      pages        = {5241 - 5269},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {We present high spatial resolution (up to 2.2×2.2 km2)
                      simulations focussed over south-west Germany using the
                      online coupled regional atmospheric chemistry model system
                      MECO(n) (MESSy-fied ECHAM and COSMO models nested n times).
                      Numerical simulation of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) surface
                      volume mixing ratios (VMRs) are compared to in situ
                      measurements from a network with 193 locations including
                      background, traffic-adjacent and industrial stations to
                      investigate the model's performance in simulating the
                      spatial and temporal variability of short-lived chemical
                      species. We show that the use of a high-resolution and
                      up-to-date emission inventory is crucial for reproducing the
                      spatial variability and resulted in good agreement with the
                      measured VMRs at the background and industrial locations
                      with an overall bias of less than $10 \%.$ We introduce a
                      computationally efficient approach that simulates diurnal
                      and daily variability in monthly-resolved anthropogenic
                      emissions to resolve the temporal variability of
                      NO2.MAX-DOAS (Multiple AXis Differential Optical Absorption
                      Spectroscopy) measurements performed at Mainz (49.99∘ N,
                      8.23∘ E) were used to evaluate the simulated
                      tropospheric vertical column densities (VCDs) of NO2. We
                      propose a consistent and robust approach to evaluate the
                      vertical distribution of NO2 in the boundary layer by
                      comparing the individual differential slant column densities
                      (dSCDs) at various elevation angles. This approach considers
                      details of the spatial heterogeneity and sensitivity volume
                      of the MAX-DOAS measurements while comparing the measured
                      and simulated dSCDs. The effects of clouds on the agreement
                      between MAX-DOAS measurements and simulations have also been
                      investigated. For low elevation angles (≤8∘), small
                      biases in the range of $−14 \%$ to $+7 \%$ and Pearson
                      correlation coefficients in the range of 0.5 to 0.8 were
                      achieved for different azimuth directions in the cloud-free
                      cases, indicating good model performance in the layers close
                      to the surface. Accounting for diurnal and daily variability
                      in the monthly-resolved anthropogenic emissions was found to
                      be crucial for the accurate representation of time series of
                      measured NO2 VMR and dSCDs and is particularly critical when
                      vertical mixing is suppressed, and the atmospheric lifetime
                      of NO2 is relatively long.},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {2111 - Air Quality (POF4-211)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000680219400004},
      doi          = {10.5194/amt-14-5241-2021},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/902392},
}