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@ARTICLE{Najjar:902455,
      author       = {Najjar, Ashwaq A. and Kuhn, Arnd J. and Al-Tardeh, Sharaf
                      M. and Kuchendorf, Christina M.},
      title        = {{M}icroalgae and {B}iochar {A}gro-{F}ertilization of the
                      {P}alestinian {R}ehan {B}arley {C}ultivar under {S}alinity
                      {S}tress},
      journal      = {Agronomy},
      volume       = {11},
      number       = {11},
      issn         = {2073-4395},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-04274},
      pages        = {2309 -},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {The efficient transfer of nutrients to plants in the form
                      of biofertilizers on poor substrate was investigated.
                      Biochar and dried algae biomass as well as mineral
                      fertilizer were used to test the growth of the Palestinian
                      ‘Rehan’ barley cultivar under salinity stress (4, 8, and
                      16 mS/cm EC). Rehan cultivar showed resilience to moderate
                      levels of salinity and could still grow under high salinity
                      stress (16 mS/cm EC). Rehan barley possessed better growth
                      at early growth stage under the applied biofertilizers such
                      as dried freshwater algal biomass (Chlorella vulgaris) and
                      nutrient-laden biochar. It showed better growth than wheat
                      (ssp. scirocco) under the same conditions. Its growth was
                      highly improved by biochar treatment in low and moderate
                      salinity conditions. Moreover, the combined effect between
                      biochar and dried algae biomass could improve Rehan barley
                      growth, but less than the effect of each biofertilizer
                      separately. The biofertilizers affected most plant growth
                      parameters under the salinity level of 4 and 8 mS/cm EC
                      positively, while the growth declined again at 16 mS/cm EC.
                      Overall, the biochar treatment showed the same effect as the
                      mineral fertilizer on most of the parameters. The dried
                      algae biomass and biochar also affected soil conditions. The
                      highest soil water content $(15.09\%)$ was found in algae
                      biomass treatments with 16 mS/cm EC. Biochar with 8 and 16
                      mS/cm EC had the highest pH value (8.63) near the
                      rhizospheres. The nitrogen level was highest in the bottom
                      soil sample (0.28 g N/kg soil) for biochar with 0 and 4
                      mS/cm EC. Meanwhile, the phosphate concentration was the
                      highest (3.3 mg PO3−2/kg soil) in algae fertilizer
                      treatments with 0 mS/cm EC in the bottom soil sample and
                      lowest (4.14 mg PO3−2/kg soil) for the biochar with 8
                      mS/cm EC. The dried algae biomass and the biochar treatments
                      can subsequently be viewed as conditioner substrates for
                      improving the quality and fertility of the soil. Where
                      possible, they should be considered as complement or
                      replacement of mineral and manure fertilization to improve
                      the impact on soil and environment.},
      cin          = {IBG-2},
      ddc          = {640},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-2-20101118},
      pnm          = {2172 - Utilization of renewable carbon and energy sources
                      and engineering of ecosystem functions (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2172},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000723385900001},
      doi          = {10.3390/agronomy11112309},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/902455},
}