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@ARTICLE{Welden:903138,
      author       = {Welden, Rene and Gottschalk, Caspar and Madarevic, Ivan and
                      Van Bael, Margriet J. and Iken, Heiko and Schubert, Jürgen
                      and Schöning, Michael J. and Wagner, Patrick H. and Wagner,
                      Torsten},
      title        = {{F}ormation of controllable p{H} gradients inside
                      microchannels by using light-addressable electrodes},
      journal      = {Sensors and actuators / B},
      volume       = {346},
      issn         = {0925-4005},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-04862},
      pages        = {130422 -},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Understanding the influence of the pH value towards
                      microenvironments of bioanalytical systems, especiallyinside
                      lab-on-a-chip or micro total analysis systems, is crucial
                      for the success of experiments. Different ap­proaches are
                      known to control the pH value inside those microchannels and
                      to tailor pH gradients. Nevertheless,the existing concepts
                      often lack the possibility for a flexible adaption of these
                      gradients. To overcome thislimitation, the present work
                      reports on light-addressable electrodes (LAEs) as a tool to
                      create pH gradients at themicro scale. Light-addressable
                      electrodes are based on semiconductor materials in which
                      electron-hole pairs aregenerated by illumination. These free
                      charge carriers can trigger chemical reactions at the
                      semiconductor-electrolyte interface, including the change of
                      the pH value. For this purpose, we have designed LAEs based
                      onglass/fluorine-doped tin oxide/titanium dioxide
                      heterostructures. This work studies the influence of the
                      appliedexternal potential, illumination brightness and
                      illumination area on the maximum pH change and width of
                      thepH gradient using a pH-sensitive fluorescent dye.
                      Furthermore, we evaluate the correlation between the
                      pHchange and electrical charge transfer. Finally, we provide
                      an outlook towards tailoring complex pH gradientsinside
                      microchannels.},
      cin          = {PGI-9},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)PGI-9-20110106},
      pnm          = {5233 - Memristive Materials and Devices (POF4-523)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5233},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000691819500003},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.snb.2021.130422},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/903138},
}