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@ARTICLE{Grefkes:9036,
      author       = {Grefkes, C. and Wang, L.E. and Eickhoff, S. B. and Fink, G.
                      R.},
      title        = {{N}oradrenergic {M}odulation of {C}ortical {N}etworks
                      {E}ngaged in {V}isuomotor {P}rocessing},
      journal      = {Cerebral cortex},
      volume       = {20},
      issn         = {1047-3211},
      address      = {Oxford},
      publisher    = {Oxford Univ. Press},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-9036},
      pages        = {783 - 797},
      year         = {2010},
      note         = {Marie Curie Early Stage Training Programme "NovoBrain''
                      funded by the European Union to L. E. W.; Initiative and
                      Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association within the
                      Helmholtz Alliance on Systems Biology to S. B. E.},
      abstract     = {Both animal and human data suggest that stimulation of the
                      noradrenergic system may influence neuronal excitability in
                      regions engaged in sensory processing and visuospatial
                      attention. We tested the hypothesis that the neural
                      mechanisms subserving motor performance in tasks relying on
                      the visuomotor control of goal-directed hand movements might
                      be modulated by noradrenergic influences. Healthy subjects
                      were stimulated using the selective noradrenaline reuptake
                      inhibitor reboxetine (RBX) in a placebo-controlled crossover
                      design. Functional magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic
                      causal modeling (DCM) were used to assess drug-related
                      changes in blood oxygen level-dependent activity and
                      interregional connectivity while subjects performed a
                      joystick task requiring goal-directed movements. Improved
                      task performance under RBX was associated with increased
                      activity in right visual, intraparietal and superior frontal
                      cortex (premotor/frontal eye field). DCM revealed that the
                      neuronal coupling among these regions was significantly
                      enhanced when subjects were stimulated with RBX.
                      Concurrently, right intraparietal cortex and right superior
                      frontal cortex exerted a stronger driving influence on
                      visuomotor areas of the left hemisphere, including SMA and
                      M1. These effects were independent from task difficulty. The
                      data suggest that stimulating noradrenergic mechanisms may
                      rearrange the functional network architecture within and
                      across the hemispheres, for example, by synaptic gating,
                      thereby optimizing motor behavior.},
      keywords     = {Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors: pharmacology / Adult /
                      Analysis of Variance / Bayes Theorem / Brain Mapping /
                      Cerebral Cortex: blood supply / Cerebral Cortex: drug
                      effects / Cerebral Cortex: metabolism / Cerebral Cortex:
                      physiology / Double-Blind Method / Female / Functional
                      Laterality: drug effects / Humans / Image Processing,
                      Computer-Assisted: methods / Magnetic Resonance Imaging:
                      methods / Male / Models, Neurological / Morpholines:
                      pharmacology / Neural Pathways: blood supply / Neural
                      Pathways: drug effects / Neural Pathways: physiology /
                      Norepinephrine: metabolism / Oxygen: blood / Photic
                      Stimulation: methods / Psychomotor Performance: drug effects
                      / Psychomotor Performance: physiology / Time Factors / Young
                      Adult / Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors (NLM Chemicals) /
                      Morpholines (NLM Chemicals) / Norepinephrine (NLM Chemicals)
                      / Oxygen (NLM Chemicals) / reboxetine (NLM Chemicals) / J
                      (WoSType)},
      cin          = {INM-2 / INM-3},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-2-20090406 / I:(DE-Juel1)INM-3-20090406},
      pnm          = {Funktion und Dysfunktion des Nervensystems (FUEK409) /
                      89572 - (Dys-)function and Plasticity (POF2-89572)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK409 / G:(DE-HGF)POF2-89572},
      shelfmark    = {Neurosciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:19687293},
      UT           = {WOS:000275566500003},
      doi          = {10.1093/cercor/bhp144},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/9036},
}