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@ARTICLE{Hakola:904048,
      author       = {Hakola, A. and Likonen, J. and Lahtinen, A. and Vuoriheimo,
                      T. and Groth, M. and Kumpulainen, H. and Balden, M. and
                      Krieger, K. and Mayer, M. and Schwarz-Selinger, T. and
                      Brezinsek, S. and Kelemen, M. and Markelj, S. and Barac, M.
                      and Gouasmia, S. and Bogdanovic Radovic, I. and Uccello, A.
                      and Vassallo, E. and Dellasega, D. and Passoni, M. and Sala,
                      M. and Bernard, E. and Diez, M. and Guillemaut, C. and
                      Tsitrone, E. and Team, the ASDEX Upgrade and Team, the
                      EUROfusion MST1 and Contributors, the EUROfusion WP PFC},
      title        = {{G}ross and net erosion balance of plasma-facing materials
                      in full-{W} tokamaks},
      journal      = {Nuclear fusion},
      volume       = {61},
      number       = {11},
      issn         = {0029-5515},
      address      = {Vienna},
      publisher    = {IAEA},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-05618},
      pages        = {116006 -},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Gross and net erosion of tungsten (W) and other
                      plasma-facing materials in the divertor region have been
                      investigated in deuterium (D) and helium (He) plasmas during
                      dedicated experiments in L- and H-mode on ASDEX Upgrade and
                      after full-length experimental campaigns on the WEST
                      tokamak. Net erosion was determined via post-exposure
                      analyses of plasma-exposed samples and full-size wall
                      components, and we conclude that the same approach is
                      applicable to gross erosion if marker structures with
                      sub-millimeter dimensions are used to eliminate the
                      contribution of prompt re-deposition. In H-mode plasmas,
                      gross erosion during ELMs may exceed the situation in
                      inter-ELM conditions by 1–2 orders of magnitude while net
                      erosion is typically higher by a factor of 2–3. The
                      largest impact on net erosion is attributed to the electron
                      temperature while the role of the impurity mixtures is
                      weaker, even though both on ASDEX Upgrade and WEST
                      significant amounts of impurities are present in the edge
                      plasmas. Impurities, on the other hand, will lead to the
                      formation of thick co-deposited layers. We have also noted
                      that with increasing surface roughness, net erosion is
                      strongly suppressed and the growth of co-deposited layers is
                      enhanced. In He plasmas, gross erosion is increased compared
                      to D due to the higher mass and charge states of the plasma
                      particles, resulting from larger energies due to sheath
                      acceleration, but strong impurity fluxes can result in
                      apparent net deposition in the divertor. Our results from
                      ASDEX Upgrade and WEST are comparable and indicate typical
                      net-erosion rates of 0.1–0.4 nm s−1, excluding the
                      immediate vicinity of the strike-point regions.},
      cin          = {IEK-4},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013},
      pnm          = {134 - Plasma-Wand-Wechselwirkung (POF4-134)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-134},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000704879400001},
      doi          = {10.1088/1741-4326/ac22d2},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/904048},
}