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@ARTICLE{Horsten:904051,
      author       = {Horsten, N. and Groth, M. and Blommaert, M. and Dekeyser,
                      W. and Pérez, I. Paradela and Wiesen, S.},
      title        = {{A}pplication of spatially hybrid fluid–kinetic neutral
                      model on {JET} {L}-mode plasmas},
      journal      = {Nuclear materials and energy},
      volume       = {27},
      issn         = {2352-1791},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-05621},
      pages        = {100969 -},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {We present a spatially hybrid fluid–kinetic neutral model
                      that consists of a fluid model for the hydrogen atoms in the
                      plasma grid region coupled to a kinetic model for atoms
                      sampled at the plasma–void interfaces and a fully kinetic
                      model for the hydrogen molecules. The atoms resulting from
                      molecular dissociation are either treated kinetically
                      (approach 1) or are incorporated in the fluid model
                      (approach 2). For a low-density JET L-mode case, the hybrid
                      method reduces the maximum fluid–kinetic discrepancies for
                      the divertor strike-point electron densities and electron
                      temperatures from approximately $150\%$ to approximately
                      $20\%$ for approach 1 and to approximately $40\%$ for
                      approach 2. Although the simulations with purely fluid
                      neutral model become more accurate for increasing upstream
                      plasma density, we still observe a significant improvement
                      by using the hybrid approach. When consuming the same CPU
                      time in averaging the electron strike-point densities and
                      temperatures over multiple iterations as for the simulations
                      with fully kinetic neutrals, hybrid approach 1 reduces the
                      statistical error with on average a factor 2.5. Hybrid
                      approach 2 further increases this factor to approximately
                      3.3, at the expense of accuracy.},
      cin          = {IEK-4},
      ddc          = {624},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013},
      pnm          = {134 - Plasma-Wand-Wechselwirkung (POF4-134)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-134},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000657474100002},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.nme.2021.100969},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/904051},
}