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@ARTICLE{Fadnavis:904130,
      author       = {Fadnavis, Suvarna and Sioris, Christopher E. and Wagh,
                      Neeraj and Chattopadhyay, Rajib and Tao, Mengchu and Chavan,
                      Prashant and Chakroborty, Tanusri},
      title        = {{A} rising trend of double tropopauses over {S}outh {A}sia
                      in a warming environment: {I}mplications for moistening of
                      the lower stratosphere},
      journal      = {International journal of climatology},
      volume       = {41},
      number       = {S1},
      issn         = {0196-1748},
      address      = {Chichester [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-05700},
      pages        = {-},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {The water vapour variation in the upper troposphere and
                      lower stratosphere (UTLS) is of high significance due to its
                      impact on global warming. In this article, we present an
                      association of occurrence frequency of double tropopauses
                      (DTs) with convective clouds and transport of water vapour
                      in the UTLS over subtropical South Asia using multiple
                      multi-decadal datasets (e.g., radiosonde temperature
                      profiles (1977–2017), Atmospheric Infrared Sounder
                      (2003–2017), ERA-Interim reanalysis (1979–2017) and
                      Microwave Limb Sounder (2004–2016). The diagnostic
                      analysis of temperature, water vapour and potential
                      vorticity indicates that convective clouds occurring during
                      DTs enhance water in the altitude layer near the DTs. DTs
                      are frequent $(~5–55\%)$ over the subtropical South Asia
                      (25°–30°N) and associated with an enhancement of water
                      vapour mixing ratios by $~5–40\%$ (0.2–7.5 ppmv) above
                      the lower tropopause. The radiosonde observations show a
                      positive trend (~0.27 ± 0.12 to
                      $0.4 ± 0.2\%/year)$ in the occurrence of DTs during
                      last 45 years, enhancing the moisture during DT days
                      (trend 0.04 ± 0.02 to 0.26 ± 0.24 ppmv/decade
                      above the tropopause). The convective injection of
                      anomalously high water vapour mixing ratios in DT conditions
                      and moistening trends in the UTLS may be consequences of
                      global warming. The increasing trend in the water vapour in
                      the UTLS may enhance long-wave radiation coming back down to
                      warm the troposphere and exacerbate the global warming
                      effect.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {2112 - Climate Feedbacks (POF4-211)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000608703300013},
      doi          = {10.1002/joc.6677},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/904130},
}