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@ARTICLE{Heunis:904407,
      author       = {Heunis, Stephan and Breeuwer, Marcel and Caballero-Gaudes,
                      César and Hellrung, Lydia and Huijbers, Willem and Jansen,
                      Jacobus FA and Lamerichs, Rolf and Zinger, Svitlana and
                      Aldenkamp, Albert P},
      title        = {{T}he effects of multi-echo f{MRI} combination and rapid
                      {T}*-mapping on offline and real-time {BOLD} sensitivity},
      journal      = {NeuroImage},
      volume       = {238},
      issn         = {1053-8119},
      address      = {Orlando, Fla.},
      publisher    = {Academic Press},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-05977},
      pages        = {118244 -},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {A variety of strategies are used to combine multi-echo
                      functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, yet
                      recent literature lacks a systematic comparison of the
                      available options. Here we compare six different approaches
                      derived from multi-echo data and evaluate their influences
                      on BOLD sensitivity for offline and in particular real-time
                      use cases: a single-echo time series (based on Echo 2), the
                      real-time T2*-mapped time series (T2*FIT) and four combined
                      time series (T2*-weighted, tSNR-weighted, TE-weighted, and a
                      new combination scheme termed T2*FIT-weighted). We compare
                      the influences of these six multi-echo derived time series
                      on BOLD sensitivity using a healthy participant dataset (N =
                      28) with four task-based fMRI runs and two resting state
                      runs. We show that the T2*FIT-weighted combination yields
                      the largest increase in temporal signal-to-noise ratio
                      across task and resting state runs. We demonstrate
                      additionally for all tasks that the T2*FIT time series
                      consistently yields the largest offline effect size measures
                      and real-time region-of-interest based functional contrasts
                      and temporal contrast-to-noise ratios. These improvements
                      show the promising utility of multi-echo fMRI for studies
                      employing real-time paradigms, while further work is advised
                      to mitigate the decreased tSNR of the T2*FIT time series. We
                      recommend the use and continued exploration of T2*FIT for
                      offline task-based and real-time region-based fMRI analysis.
                      Supporting information includes: a data repository
                      (https://dataverse.nl/dataverse/rt-me-fmri), an interactive
                      web-based application to explore the data
                      (https://rt-me-fmri.herokuapp.com/), and further materials
                      and code for reproducibility
                      (https://github.com/jsheunis/rt-me-fMRI).},
      cin          = {INM-7},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-7-20090406},
      pnm          = {5251 - Multilevel Brain Organization and Variability
                      (POF4-525)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5251},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:34116148},
      UT           = {WOS:000679333800006},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118244},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/904407},
}