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@ARTICLE{Rybka:904520,
      author       = {Rybka, Harald and Burkhardt, Ulrike and Köhler, Martin and
                      Arka, Ioanna and Bugliaro, Luca and Görsdorf, Ulrich and
                      Horváth, Ákos and Meyer, Catrin I. and Reichardt, Jens and
                      Seifert, Axel and Strandgren, Johan},
      title        = {{T}he behavior of high-{CAPE} (convective available
                      potential energy) summer convection in large-domain
                      large-eddy simulations with {ICON}},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {21},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {1680-7316},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-06090},
      pages        = {4285 - 4318},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Current state-of-the-art regional numerical weather
                      prediction (NWP) models employ kilometer-scale horizontal
                      grid resolutions, thereby simulating convection within the
                      grey zone. Increasing resolution leads to resolving the 3D
                      motion field and has been shown to improve the
                      representation of clouds and precipitation. Using a
                      hectometer-scale model in forecasting mode on a large domain
                      therefore offers a chance to study processes that require
                      the simulation of the 3D motion field at small horizontal
                      scales, such as deep summertime moist convection, a
                      notorious problem in NWP.We use the ICOsahedral
                      Nonhydrostatic weather and climate model in large-eddy
                      simulation mode (ICON-LEM) to simulate deep moist convection
                      and distinguish between scattered, large-scale dynamically
                      forced, and frontal convection. We use different ground- and
                      satellite-based observational data sets, which supply
                      information on ice water content and path, ice cloud cover,
                      and cloud-top height on a similar scale as the simulations,
                      in order to evaluate and constrain our model simulations.We
                      find that the timing and geometric extent of the
                      convectively generated cloud shield agree well with
                      observations, while the lifetime of the convective anvil
                      was, at least in one case, significantly overestimated.
                      Given the large uncertainties of individual ice water path
                      observations, we use a suite of observations in order to
                      better constrain the simulations. ICON-LEM simulates a cloud
                      ice water path that lies between the different observational
                      data sets, but simulations appear to be biased towards a
                      large frozen water path (all frozen hydrometeors).
                      Modifications of parameters within the microphysical scheme
                      have little effect on the bias in the frozen water path and
                      the longevity of the anvil. In particular, one of our
                      convective days appeared to be very sensitive to the initial
                      and boundary conditions, which had a large impact on the
                      convective triggering but little impact on the high frozen
                      water path and long anvil lifetime bias. Based on this
                      limited set of sensitivity experiments, the evolution of
                      locally forced convection appears to depend more on the
                      uncertainty of the large-scale dynamical state based on data
                      assimilation than of microphysical parameters.},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000632219700002},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-21-4285-2021},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/904520},
}