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@ARTICLE{Lee:904535,
      author       = {Lee, Ji-Hye and Goh, Segun and Kim, Jong Won and Lee,
                      Keumsook and Choi, M. Y.},
      title        = {{S}patiotemporal behaviors of the ridership of a public
                      transportation system during an epidemic outbreak: case of
                      {MERS} in {S}eoul},
      journal      = {Journal of the Korean Physical Society},
      volume       = {79},
      number       = {11},
      issn         = {0374-4884},
      address      = {Heidelberg},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-06105},
      pages        = {1069 - 1077},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {During May and June 2015, an outbreak of the Middle East
                      respiratory syndrome (MERS) occurred in Korea, which raised
                      the fear of contagion throughout society and suppressed the
                      use of public transportation systems. Exploring daily
                      ridership data of the Seoul bus transportation system, along
                      with the number of infected patients and search volume in
                      web portals, we observe that ridership decreased abruptly
                      while attention was heavily focused online. Then this
                      temporal reduction recovered exponentially with a
                      characteristic time of 3 weeks when newly confirmed cases
                      began to decrease. We also find with the data of ranked
                      keywords of web portals that areas with severely reduced
                      ridership tended to cluster and spatiotemporal variations of
                      such clusters were highly associated with general hospitals
                      where MERS patients were treated. On the other hand, the
                      spatial reduction in ridership relaxed algebraically with
                      the distance from a general hospital while the outbreak was
                      severe. We further probe the influence of the epidemic
                      outbreak in the framework of linear response theory, which
                      relates the responses to the epidemic outbreak
                      (“perturbation”) with correlations in the absence of the
                      perturbation. Indeed, the spatial correlation function of
                      the ridership changes is observed to follow a power law,
                      sharing the same exponent as the spatial relaxation of the
                      response function. This new theoretical approach offers a
                      useful tool for understanding responses of public
                      transportation system to epidemic or accidental disasters.},
      cin          = {IBI-5 / IAS-2},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBI-5-20200312 / I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-2-20090406},
      pnm          = {5243 - Information Processing in Distributed Systems
                      (POF4-524)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5243},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {34720363},
      UT           = {WOS:000710880300004},
      doi          = {10.1007/s40042-021-00303-y},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/904535},
}