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@ARTICLE{Becker:904644,
      author       = {Becker, Erich and Vadas, Sharon L. and Bossert, Katrina and
                      Lynn Harvey, V. and Zülicke, Christoph and Hoffmann, Lars},
      title        = {{A} high‐resolution whole‐atmosphere model with
                      resolved gravity waves and specified large‐scale dynamics
                      in the troposphere and stratosphere},
      journal      = {Journal of geophysical research / D},
      volume       = {127},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {0148-0227},
      address      = {Hoboken, NJ},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-06213},
      pages        = {e2021JD035018},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {We present a new version of the HIgh Altitude Mechanistic
                      general Circulation Model (HIAMCM) with specified dynamics.
                      We utilize a spectral method that nudges only the
                      large-scale flow to MERRA-2 reanalysis. The nudged HIAMCM
                      simulates gravity waves (GWs) down to horizontal wavelengths
                      of about 200 km from the troposphere to the thermosphere
                      like the free-running model, including the generation of
                      secondary and tertiary GWs. Case studies show that the
                      simulated large-scale GWs are consistent with those in the
                      reanalysis, while the medium-scale GWs compare well with
                      observations in the northern winter 2016 stratosphere from
                      the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS). GWs having
                      wavelengths larger than about 1350 km can be described with
                      the nonlinear balance equation. The GWs relevant in the
                      stratosphere, however, have smaller scales and require a
                      different approach. We propose that the GW amplification due
                      to kinetic energy transfer from the large-scale flow
                      combined with GW potential energy flux convergence helps to
                      identify the mesoscale GW sources due to spontaneous
                      emission. The GW amplification is strongest in the region of
                      maximum large-scale vertical wind shear in the
                      mid-stratosphere. Maps of the time-averaged stratospheric GW
                      activity simulated by the HIAMCM and computed from AIRS
                      satellite data show a persistent hot spot over Europe during
                      January 2016. At about 40 km, the average GW amplitudes are
                      maximum in the region of fastest large-scale flow. We argue
                      that refraction of GWs originating in the troposphere, as
                      well as GWs from spontaneous emission in the stratosphere
                      contribute to this effect.},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000751226300015},
      doi          = {10.1029/2021JD035018},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/904644},
}